t 


s^ 


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LIBR^RV 

OF  THE 

University  of  California. 

Class  ^ 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CHICAGO. 

FOUNI1KD  BY  JOHN  D.  ROCKEFELLER. 

THE    PHONOLOGY 

OF  THE 

p:lis  saga 


A  DISSERTATION 

SUBMITTED  TO  THE  FACULTIES  OF  THE 

(GRADUATE    SCHOOLS    OF    ARTS,    LITERATURE,     AND 

SCIENCE,  IN  CANDIDACY  FOR  THE  DEGRI-.IC  OF 

DOCTOR  OF  PHILOSOPHY. 

iDKl'AKTMKNT  (JF  llERMAMC  [.ANGUAGPIS  AND  LITKRAllkESi 


HV 

:SSIE  LOUISE    lONES 


CHICAGO 


Printed  by  V..  f)tto,  Dnrmstndt. 


£G  O" 


CONTENTS. 


IN'IRUDUCriUN. 

I'HONOr.OClY 

I'ART    I.     VOWELS. 

(■H.^PTKR    I.     VOWELS    IN    SYLLABLES    WITH    CHIRK    ACCENT     OR     STRONG 


SECONDARY  ACCENT 
Germanic  ti 


?j 

3. 

?^ 

4. 

v^ 

.T- 

?i 

6. 

§ 

7- 

?^ 

H. 

?j 

9. 

?} 

1<>. 

^ 

1 1. 

?j 

12. 

^ 

VA. 

s 

M- 

CHAI'THK  II.    VOWELS  IN  SVLLAHLE 
A.    Variation   of  eji. 


P.Tge 
I 

4 
6 
6 

H 

H 


AK  ACCKN  r  OR  UNACCEN 


i^  >.=s- 


Page 
12 


H.     Variation  of  o/u. 

>?   16. 

ol" 

C.      Other  vowel   cliange.<;. 

.      14 

^   17. 

Siitfi.x  -ari  -eri 

\h 

S   18. 

-andil-endi           ..... 

In 

?5   IM. 

(Jer.  fi  in   unaccented   syllable> 

.      15 

?>  2(). 

Umlaut  ot   V         • 

.      15 

5;  21. 

Miscellaneous        ...... 

1.5 

(  HAI' 

KK    III.    ACCENI. 

^    ■.•- 

\cr<-i,t            ....                     .          . 

.      l.'> 

! 


Contents. 


I'AKT    II.     CONSONANTS, 

CHAl'TER  IV.     OKRMANIC  CONSONANTS. 

§  23.     Germanic  /  .  . 


§  24- 

§  25. 

§  26. 

§  27. 

§  28. 
§  29. 
§  30. 
§  31. 
§  32. 
§  33. 
§  34- 
§  35- 
«j  36. 
«^  37. 
S  38. 
§  39- 
§40. 
§  41. 
?j  42. 
§  43- 
§  44- 
§  45- 
§46. 
§  47. 
§48. 
§  49. 
?^  JiO- 
$^  51. 
CHAPTER    V.     INSERTION  OF  CONSONAN 


§52. 
§  53. 
§   54. 

§  55. 


Insertion  of  / 


Proper  Names 


Pnge 


INTKODL'CTION. 

The  Elis  saga  is  the  Old  Norwegian  vt-rsion  of  the  French 
chanson  de  geste,  Klie  de  Saint  Gille.  The  translation  was 
niatle  by  the  abbot  Robert,  at  the  direction  of  the  king  Hakon 
Hakonson,  i)r(>bal)ly  in  the  second  (luarter  of  tlie  thirtet;nth 
century. 

The  principal  manuscript  is  the  one  known  as  A,  in  the 
library  of  the  University  of  Upsala.  The  only  edition  of  the 
saga  is  that  of  Eugen  Kolbing,  Heilbronn,  1881,  u[)on  which 
the  present  work  on  the  phonology  is  based.  In  the  intro- 
duction to  this  edition  is  found  a  full  discussion  of  the  manu- 
script question. 

The  principal  French  manuscript  is  fr.  25516  in  the 
Bibliolheque  Nationale  ed.  by  Gaston  Raynaud,  Paris,  187^. 
This  is  also  a  copy  or  version,  made  in  the  thirteenth  century, 
of  an  oUler  work.  The  original,  upon  which  both  French  ami 
Norwegian  versions  are  based,  dates,  probably,  from  the  twelfth 
ceiUurv. 


ABBRl' VIATIONS. 

Ark.  =  Arkiv  for  Nordisk  Filologi. 

H.  =  Beitrage  zur  Geschichte  rler  deutschen  Sprache  iind  fJlerntiir, 

lierausgegehen  von  H.  Paul  und   VV.  Braune. 
Rarl.  =  Barlaains  ok  Josaphats  saga,  Keyser  and  Unger.    Christiania, 

1851. 
El.  =   Elis  saga  ok  Kosainvnidii,  Kiigen  Kulliini;.   Heillironn,  1881. 

Fritzner  =    Fritzner,  Ordbog  over  det  Gamle  Norske  Sprog.    Kristiania, 

1883. 
Grd.  —   Paul's  Grundriss  der  germanischen  Philologie. 

Horn.  LI.  =   Homiliebokens  Ljudlara.    Elis  Wadstein,  Upsala,    l8ij(). 

Kalile  =   Altisliindisclies  Elementarbuch,  Heidelberg,   l8<;6. 

Kluge  —   Kluge's  Etymologisches  Worterbuch. 

Lit.  '/A.  =   Litteratur-Zeitung. 

Norecn  Gr.        ;=  Altisliindische  und  Altiiorv^'cgischeGrannnatik.   .Adolf  Norccn, 

Halle   1892. 
Skr.  Mum.  Vet.   =  .Skrifter    utgifna    af    lluinanistiska    Vetenskapssainfundet    i 

Upsala. 
Sv.  Lin.  =   Bidrag    till    kannedoni    oni    de    .Svenska    Landsmalen     ock 

Svenskt  Folklif. 
Tub.  Br.  =  'I'ubinger  Bruchstucke  der  iilteren  Frostuthingslog,  E.  Sievers. 

Letters   italicized   in  the  text   of  Kolbing,   to   indicate  the  abbreviations 
of  tiic  nis.,   .are  enclosed   in   parenthesis, 
t.  r^  times,  m.  t.    =   many  times. 


PIIONOLOdV. 


PARI-    I. 

VOWKLS. 


\0\VKI.S  IN   SYIJ.AHI.KS   Willi   rillKF  ACCKN'i    AND  SlKONd 
SI-:CONI)ARY   AtTKNT. 

^  I.     Germanic   a 

i)   =  a,  e.g.   bams   2^"^,  bar  35»-',  gras  }^2^. 
2)   )  a  (usually  written  without  accent): 

a)  When  final,  c.  g.   a   (prep.)    5^^,   bra  ^2^. 

b)  By  compensatory  lengtheninj,^;  e.g.  ass  i  2*,  ///<//  2y. 

c)  Before  consonant  combinations:  before  tt{i^lit),  e.g. 
niattngr  72";  before  cacuminal  /  -\-  consonant,  e.  g. 
hexlsi  42'.  According  to  Noreen,  Gr.,  J5  1  11 ,  3., 
a.  3.,  this  lengthening  is  rare  in  Norwegian  dialects. 

Since  the  quantity  of  the  vowels  is  for  the  most 

part  not  indicated  in  El.  this  question  canned  be 

determined   with   certainty.    However  the  accent, 

when    it    is    used,    usually    marks    a    long    vowel 

(cf.   Chapter  III),    so   it  is   probable    that    this    is 

a  case  of  such  lengthening.    The  example  given 

is    the    only  case   where    the    accent    is    written. 

Other  examples   without  sign  of  lengtliening  are: 

forms  of  halfr,    e.  g.   78',    forms    of  hialpa,  e.  g. 

lo^^ ,    forms    of   Iiiaitur,    c.  g.    lor^.      Wadstein, 

Horn.  LI.,   p.  121,  gives  several  instances  of  such 

lengthening  in  Horn. 

Note.    In  n  foot-nott-  on  the  page  refeired  to.   Wadstein  siiggest.s,  that. 

.ns  the  only  MoHrrn  Norwegi.Tn  <li;ilecls  where  this  lengthening  is  known  ;iie 

Snetei-id.ileii  and   TehnMiken.  the  |iie.sente  ol   a   few  such  casts   in  Horn,  miijlit 


-  Plutnolojjy. 

iiKlitate  lh;il   ihi-  ins..  orij;iii;iti-(l    in    one  ol   tluist*  pl.iccs.      Willi    f<iiial   ie;ison 
we  niifilit  refer  the  ms    til'  Kl.  to  one  of  these  places. 

2)  )  c  by  /-umlaut. 

The  regular  representation  of  this  unihiul  in  Kl.  is  <•;  i\  g. 
hirnskr  15'*',  forms  ai/nriiini,  r.  g.  80*,  i/fgi  8  I.  (.,;'-.  12I,  gcngit 
So'-',  hcncir  10  t.  e.g.  ^4-.  It  is  also  represented  by  ac  13  times, 
as  follows:  forms  of  acllztr  38*^,  78''',  forms  of  acrfd  8'^  4^ 
(■^-  crfda  i'"),  acrjingi  3',  aouiilotigu  31'  (•^-  iuciilongu  112-', 
cnda  30"),  acftcr  2613,  41I4  {//),  (^  cftir  151.  c.  g.  8o<0),  //rt'^/rr 
((  hafa)  ZT,"'  {'^  forms  of  /tava  with  c.  m.  I.  c.  g.  70'),  m///  3'', 
atngiar  34^,   -(W/  36'^  (•^'  cngiui/i  78^,   23 1-^). 

This  t'  )  oc-  by  ei'-unilaut:    <■.  ,(f.   ocxi  37^',   73*^. 
4)  )  ^  (<7//)  by  //-umlaut : 

a)  When  the  utnlaut-j)roclucin^'^  71  has  been  lost. 
I  10  cases  occur  in  Kl.  where  a  was  followed  by 
an  //  whicli  has  disappeared.  In  all  of  these 
cases  umlaut  occurs:  hand  (n.  pi.)  5  t.  c.  g.  30'*, 
38^,  fogi-  (n.  s.  f.)  T,T,^\  74*,  hand  10  t.  e.g.  30'*. 

b)  When  tlie  umlaut-producing  ;/  remains.  Of  247 
cases  occurring  with  ;/  retained  after  a,  236  have 
umlaut  and  11  do  not.  I'Lxamples  with  umlaut 
are  :  ol/it  1 2  t.  i\  g.  6*,  7^'  [ajt/ht  3  t.  i'.  g.  24I2), 
o/IiiiJi  17  t.  c.  g.  no'-,  113',  {aiil/iiii/  6  t.  e.  g. 
93^),  fogrnm  34'',  95"  [faugroDi  72^),  ganngovi 
20^,  hongu  77*^,  hvossnm  43^,  snuiiin  8''.  ."-(///ww  is 
coiiccleil  to  .fff;/«  by  Ceder-schiold,  Lit.  '/t.  HI    14.  col.  502. 

Tlie    1 1   cases  without  umlaut  are   as   follows : 

havom  20^,   62''   ('-^  hoviim   20^,   38^^),  aka7'oiii  5^, 

ainbiin   25^,   anihitna   6''   (■ —  au{^iii)b7in   109^^),   (?/- 

mosor  2^,  3'',  kastalnin  68 1'"",  spit  a!  inn  2^,  skinaiidom 

87^,   biorhlandodn  61'. 

The  question  as  to  the  «-umlaut  of  <fin  the  Norse  languages 

has  received  much  attention  of  late,   two  theories  having  come 

into   especial  prominence,   namely,   those  of  Axel  Kcjck  and  Klis 

Wadstein.      The    literature    bearing    on    the    two    theories    just 

named  is  as  follows:     Kock,    Ark.,   IV,  X,   XII,   and  B.,  XIV, 

Svenska   Landsmal,    XII;   Wadstein,   B,  XVII,    Sv.   Lm.,    XIII, 

.^kr.   Hum.  Vet.,   III.,   Ih.m.   LI.,   pp.   42  ff.,    142. 


Phonology  ,S 

Kick's  theory  is,  in  hrirf,  that  then-  were  two  periods  of 
//-umlaut,  an  earlier  one.  in  which  umlaut  was  produced  only  by 
syncopated  //,  and  a  later  one,  in  which  umlaut  was  produced 
by  u  preserved,  the  second  period  having  affected  only  the  Ice- 
landic  and   certain   Norwegian   dialects. 

Wadstein's  theory  assumes  that  there  was  a  general  extension 
of  the  umlaut,  produced  both  by  syncopated  and  retained  //,  its 
non-appearance  in  Danislj ,  O.  Swedisli  and  some  Norwtij^ian 
dialects   being   due   to   the   interference    of   certain    consonants. 

Neitlier  theory  is  in  all  respects  satisfactor}',  but  of  the 
two,  Kock's  is  simpler  and  covers  more  cases.  A  considerable 
number  of  words  with  umlaut  in  O.  Sw.  and  in  those  Norw.  dialects 
which  do  not,  in  general,  have  umlaut  are  explained  by  Kock 
as  being  influenced  by  a  second  factor  besides  the  //,  that  is,  a 
labial  consonant  or  a  nasal  the   so-called   combined   umlaut. 

The  umlaut  in  Kl.  is  satisfactorily  explained  in  accordance 
with  the  theory  of  two  mnlaut  periods.  The  cases  of  umlaut 
mentioned  above  show  that  the  later  umlaut,  as  well  as  tin- 
earlier,  has  prevailed  in  this  dialect.  The  eleven  exceptions 
may  be  explained  as  follows:  havom,  twice,  ('^  /lOTW/i  twice), 
must  have  occurred  very  frequently  without  accent  in  the  sentence, 
in  which  case  the  vowel  would  not  be  umlauted.  akat'OtH  is 
due  to  analogy  from  the  cases  where  a  is  regular,  aitthim, 
fHllhlltlfl  ('^-  auinbuu  once).  —  This  word  occurs  with  suffix 
-ati  as  well  as  -////.  The  umlauted  vowel  regular  with  the 
latter  suffix  could  easily  appear  in  the  other  form.  a}inOsei\ 
twice.  — This  word  occurs  with  and  without  umlaut  in  Icelantiic  — 
it  may  be  due  to  variation  in  accent;  with  fortis  on  the  penult  the 
//  would  produce  no  umlaut,  kdstalunif  spital fini.  —  These 
are  loan-words.  Perhaps  the  accent  was  on  the  first  syllable. 
skinandonif  —  due  either  to  analogy  or  to  weak  accent 
of  syllable  -an.  biorbfandodu,  -  This  is  due  to  the  analogy  of 
forms  where  a  is  regular.  The  wavering  of  no  in  unaccented 
syllables  as  a  representative  of  o  is  characteristic  of  Norwegian 
dialects  (cf.  Noreen,  Gr.,  i<  1 17,  a.  3),  and  is  especially  frequent 
in  this  ms.  (s.  p.  15).  This  very  word  occurs  with  a,  sainhlnn- 
daitnni  2'.  This  wouki  cause  a  variation  in  llie  preceding 
vowel. 


4  I'h.MH.If.KV. 

Till'  sij^ns  usnl  Id  n^pnstiil  tliis  uiiilaul  are  o,  an,  I'f  (once). 
Tlicy  are  tlistributed  as  follows:  earlier  umlaut  Sgio  '^'  23  n//,  later 
umlaut  I4.>  ''  "^  112  <i/i.  nit  uiuioubteclly  represents  a  more 
open  sound,  and  since  it  occurs  so  much  more  frequently  in 
tlje  case  of  the  later  umlaut  it  is  probable  that  this  umlaut 
was  of  a  different  nature.  In  the  case  of  the  ec-umlaut  also, 
which  was  produced  whether  <t'  tlroj)ped  out  or  remained,  0  is 
used  46  times  when  et'  is  lost,  and  nn  only  16  times;  while, 
when  re  is  retained,  we  have  7  t.  (///  '—  i  3  t.  o  ^  sl  larger  pro- 
portion. This  is  perhaps  a  slight  confirmation  of  the  theory 
of  two   periods. 

The  single  instance  of  or  for  this  umlaut,  roccido  25^ 
(^-  rodciiilo  9  t.  e.g.  29'),  is  due  to  dittograi)hy :  "pa  ocpti  lia{uii) 
hani  rocddo" . 

funt  iitadr  02'"'  is,  according  tt)  Fritziier,  a  mistake  for  font-. 

5)  )  0  (an)   by  a'-unilaut. 

As  mentioned  in  4),  umlaut  is  here  produced,  whether  zc< 
fell  out  or  was  retained;  i.g.  datignrd  6o^"^  forms  oi gorr  (  gcra) 
17  t.  c.  g.  8"\  forms  oi  nockorr  17  t.  c.  g.  89  '',  106^,  forms  of  doha 
10  t.  i\  g.  72^  /m>/u/  34'^  --—  boclvi  33^^.  In  the  latter  form  we 
have  perhaps  the  /-uml.  of  0  (cf.  Noreen,  Gr.,  ^  72,  a.  8.).  In 
bohii  0  is  restored  after  the  analogy  of  tlic  numerous  forms 
of  this  word  with  0.  J'alslongiir  78*  may  be  either  ec-umlaut  or 
younger  //-umlaut,  natt-songi  i  z^  (n.  sg.)  has  umlaut  from  the  anal- 
ogy of  songr.  (This  worfl  is  given  neither  by  Fritzner  nor 
Vigf,  as  a  weak  noun.) 

6)  is  written  ac  in  facugs  20^.     This  is   due   to  dittog- 
raphy,   "gacfa  facngs". 

^   2.     Germanic  c 

i)  =  e:  In  forms  of  bcra  m.  t.  c.  g.  81^3,  icsa  7-,  i/icd 
(prep.)  37 '2.  c  is  the  regular  representative  of  Ger- 
manic c;  yet  ac  occurs  in  ofmaetnadr  88'  {^  forms  of 
mctnadr  8  t.  c.  g.  272),  vacrit  (^y^\.  oi  vera)  64^^  «^. 
vcrit  64",  74I6  —  also  for  Latin  c  in  the  loan-word 
bracvi  78^. 
2)  )  r:  fe  (simple  and  in  cpds.)  18  t.  e.g.  20*.  69'^, 
Jlefingii{m)  95II  {cf.  JlaeftiugnQ//)  874),  kiie  64^,  653, 
se  ((  sjd)   (/-. 


I'llO 


3)  ca  )  ia  hy  <?-l)reaking;  t.  .^^  hiarjrar  (g.  s.)  >2^, 
forms  o{  hiarga  (vb.)  37'",  38 '3,  forms  u{  (i/iar/r  14  t. 
e.  g.  19^,  Jianrii  (adv.)  1  i  I.  c.  .;'-.  zH^^,  if/<in/(>/)n 
(adv.)   6  t.  f.  g.   31  '•'. 

4)  eo  )   io   by   //-bri'akiiiL,^: 

a)  When  «  is  lost:  fio/thli  36>2,  40^  116',  giof 
34«,  88'1,  -^^/v/  872,  /liolp  (n.  a.  s.)  6  t.  <.  .(f. 
3i3  (r^  /lialp  (a.  s.)  89'**  with  rt-  by  analogy  from 
othtrr  cases),  iord  98',  inioc  26  t.  i\  g.  3^,  ;///V;^/- 
75»,  skioll(fr  9IO,  44l^  .v/(v(>/A/  (a.  s.)  14  t.  .-.  i'. 
332,  -fiollci  788. 

b)  With  //  retained:  giogiiiini  7  t.  c.  g.  16''-  — 
gtgfiJt/u  13'',  25'^,  g'ugrimn  60".  Of  these 
forms  giogttnm  is  the  form  which  arose  when  the 
word  had  the  chief  accent,  gegnnm  was  the  pro- 
clitic form,  cf.  Korean,  Gr.,  ^  71,  a.  2.,  gitgnnni, 
has  /  inserted  after  the  analogy  of  giogmitn. 
hioltnni  3  t.  c.  g.  98^,  jorlit  (d.  pi.)  36I'',  42", 
iorihi  (d.  s.)  3  t.  t'.  ^.  13  ',  iiiiorkiti  68^  (.^ 
mocrkiii  70^),  skiolldu  urn  7  I.  <'.  j^.  6-',  sio/fitin 
75'"^  '^^  sinlruui'om   6   t.    (^   by   analogy). 

The  above  examples  confirm  the  later  view  of 
Noreen,   explained   by  Wad.stein,    Horn  1. 1.,  p.  f)3, 
that  c  is   broken  to  io  not  i^  when  u  follows,   for 
the  sign  au,   which  is  so   frequently  used  for  llie 
umlaut  of  a   (i.   e.  0),   does   not   occur   here   in   a 
single  instance. 
5)    Forms  ofgira:  —  SinceGerm.  <  and  innlaul-(  are  repre- 
sented   by   tht;   same    letter,   it  is   impossible  to   tell, 
fr«»m  this  ms.,  whether  the  stem  vowel  is  Germ,  t ,  as 
Wadstein  suggests  in  Horn.  LI.,  p.  54.      The  forms  of 
tlie  ppl.  are   all  written  with  0,   16  t.  i.  g.  31'-',  which 
points  to  a  stem   vowel  (7,  at  least  in  the  ppl.    The 
following    derivatives    have  0:  forms  o(  ogorligr  t^  X.. 
, .  g.  96^2,  gor/.i  74 '^  giorsamliga  bz*,  stdlgorvan  loi  *. 
If  the  stem  vowel  is  c,  then  giorsaniiiga  is  the  broken 
vowel,    l)ut    if   tlie    stem    is    n,    there   is   an   insertion 
of.'  before  a  lum-palatal  vowel    (cf.  other  »x.  p.  -'3). 


I'linnolony. 

b)  '  oi-  by  ii'-uiulaut:  r.  .(,'".  inot  rkiii  70^,  (cf.  iniorkni 
682,  forms  of  inyikva  3  t.  <•.  ,if.   7 2 '2). 

Tlicsc  forms  represent  tliree  different  developments 
of  Germ,  r:  (i)  f  )  oc  by  ec-umlaut,  (2)  c  )  io  by 
//-  or  i-i'-breaking,  (3)  f  )  /  in  urgerm.,  )  _r  by  ec-um- 
laiit.  By  leveling  all  these  farms  occur  in  the  noun. 
7)  ;  /■;  m  Jiar  j^,  64*^,  forms  of  s/cr,  t\  j^r  no^K 
H)  Jicll  35'''  (pret.  iti falld)  is  certainly  after  the  analogy 
of  kicndi  etc.,   (see  p.  i'^. 

3.  Germanic   / 

1)  ^   /; 

bifida,  e.g.  39^,  forms  o{  hidia,  e.g.  6 '2,  innaii  (adv.) 
4  t.  c.  g.    118. 

2)  )  c  when  a  nasal   has   been  lost: 

Forms  oi  birkka  3  t.  e.  g.  27'-,  drccka  Ti:^^'^,  75'^,  gcck 
14  t.   c.  g.    104^   (cf.  gek  97^),   zxtr  32. 

3)  )   r  by  ec- umlaut: 

Forms  of  (Ji)0'g,^''  (^dj.),  c.  g.  74',  srngia  72,  72'*, 
tiyguan    \i=,'^^,  ykr  (pron.)   3   t.   ('.  ^.   42^. 

4)  )  J'  by  combined  //-umlaut,  /'.  c,  after  /;/,  cf.  Noreen, 
Gr.,  5^  74.  Forms  of ;// //&/// with  //  in  the  ending  havej'  5  t. 
c.  g.  Myckl/i  go'*  •^.  /  20  t.  c.  g.  inicklu  8 1 12.  The  /  is 
due   to   leveling.     In   forms  without  ti  in  the  ending 

J'  has  crowded  in,   in  my  kill  4',  mjckla   104^2, 

5)  ni  )  y  by   //-umlaut: 

Forms  of  kyrr  6  t.  f.  g.  3-*,  systnr  5  t.  f.  ^.  24 1'. 
This  umlaut  does  not  appear  in  sjiihim  loi^  and 
suikull  99 ''^. 

6)  ^y  in  gyiiisfiuiiiit(^ii/)  1152.^.  [giw-  8b^^).  This 
is  a  change  which  occurs  sporadically  in  Old  Nor- 
wegian.    Cf.  Noreen,  Gr.,  §   74. 

7)  =  t'  in  sec  76',  84"  ( —  sik  7  t.  e.  g.  39^),  ^ek  4  t. 
e.g.  88^  {'^- ^ik  22  t.  e.g.  10913).  The  e  in  these 
forms  may  be  due  to  the  t- vowel  in  ncmiinative 
and   dative.      Cf.   Hom.  LL,   p.   53. 

4.  Germanic  0 

i)  T^   0:  Forms   of  ko;U(7,   e.  g.    18'^,   sJ>o/fi   12 12. 
2)  )  d: 

a)   When   final:   e.g.   in  lo   ((   {Ji)laeict)    11'^. 


Plionolopv.  7 

I))    Before  cacimiinal  /   ■    consoiianU?), /"//"/ _'2'S  loriiis 
of  golf  5*,    \OT,^.      Tliis   is    uncertain,    since   this 
vowel   is   not  marked   by   an  accent. 
3)       Of  by  /-innlaui: 

In   forms  oi  koina  \2  t.  c.  g.  koanr  jis  (.^.  forms  with 
,•  2  t.  kciiir  41'-,  kiiiiz  368),  ocfrc  i4«,  oniia  HS  -// 

l'\.r  the  variation  of  c./r  cf.  Noreen,  (ir.,  5;  86.' 

This  umlaut  is  written  r;  occasionally ;  <-.,(r- in  \<y ''9^"- 
In  th(>  preterite  subjunctive  of ///«;/«  forms  with  of 
occur  twice  5',  37'*,  forms  with  o  once,  /;/f^;/^^?  8i'0, 
forms  with  .;■  12  t.  .■.  g.  tf ,  forms  with  «  twice 
qB^.  I  10'^.  These  forms  are  confused  on  account 
of  tlie  variation  of  on  in  the  stem,  mafyndi  74' 
has  af  inserted  by  dittography  "ef  hann  safi  hana, 
[la  mafyndi  hann." 

In  the  forms  oiliarfrskUuik,  a  is  written  for  of:linr{fr)- 
sclaciks  I^  havfrklafik  86 S  havfiska  22*.   Cf.  Fritzner. 
4)   r^   Of  in  noerrofuti   lib^.     This  is  undoubtedly  due 
to  anticipation  by  the  copyist  of  the  of  in  the  second 
syllable. 
51   Latin  o  is  represented  in  some  words  by  /r.   In  lorms 
of  iiiunkr,  f.g.   4",  mustfn    17'^. 
5^    5.     Germanic   // 

1)  ~r.  It:  Examples  are : -('//////(T  98I2,  forms  of. v//;//- 5 1.  f.^'". 
4i3(,^.  forms  with  0  22  t.).  Doui)le  ff)rms  with  olu 
arose   from  the   variation  of  no  in  PreL,-erraanic. 

Forms  oinrnggr  occur  4  t.  witli  u,  f.g.  s'"'*'^-  forms 
with  nn  2  t.  q6'\  ii4'2.  If  the  etymology  given  by 
Vigfusson  is  correct  {nr-nggr  [danger]),  this  prelix  cor- 
responds to  Gothic  nz.  We  should  expect  n  )  0'  tt  by 
A'-uralaut.  The  «  may,  however,  be  due  to  the 
proclitic  position  of  the  word   as   prefix. 

2)  i(  when  final:   nn   (adv.)   ra.   t.  f.g.    14^- 

3)  ')  0: 

a)  Before  a  r.asal  which  has  disapi)t'ared,  f.  g.  <',  the 
neg.  prefix,   in  which  //  and   ,'   vaiy   according  to 
the   accent,   o  occurs  42   t.  -^  //   g  t.  f.g-  ogiujn 
»)  <i-  is  o  ill  tlic  ms.     Cf.   El.   tinlt-iUing  \>.   X.WM. 


79*^-    Further  examples  are:  oss  ([)ers.  pron.)  iii.  t. 
e.g.  i8\  forms  of  okkarr  (pars,  pron.)  3  t.  e.g.  g^. 
b)  Before  tt  (    ht):   Forms   of  dottir  14  t.  e.g.   89'", 
drottin    i  i    t.  c.  g.   8^2. 

4)  )  y  by  /-umlaut:  Forms  of  hrviiia  22  t.  c.  g.  2^-\ 
hjrgdar  84^^,  dryckit  75'''  -^^  drnckit  76"   (sup.). 

The  umlaut  in  dryckit  is  irregular.  Perhaps  it  is 
from  analogy  to  the  noun  dryckr,  which  follows  in  the 
same  sentence.  We  should  expect  0  instead  of  n 
in  drnckit,  before  the  nasal,  but  Ji  has  been  restored 
by  leveling. 

5)  In  the  forms  of  innnu,  a  stands  for  Germ,  n'o  in  sg. 
/naji  67^,   81^   (^'  iiion    19   t.   e.g.   22^). 

6)  Irregular  representations  of  Germ.  «.  /nglaeysi  2"]^"^, 
due  to  confusion  with  consonantal  //,  cf  hyglaeysi 
81'  (uml.  by  analogy),  flogskiota  81'^  has  0  due  to 
careless  writing  after  0  in  the  second  syllable,  fnllnomi 
i^  is  probably  due  to  careless  writing,  (fnlluomsi 
occurs  once  in  Barl.,   cf.  Fritz,   and   Vigf.) 

§   6.     Germanic  *</   (*any_) 

i)   r=  d:  fa   10  t.  e.  g.   7812. 

2)  )  ae  by  /-umlaut:  faer  5  t.  e.g.  ^^^  (possibly  J\-um- 
laut),  forms  of  gae/a,  e.g.  15'',  forms  oi  raeiia,  e.g. 
60^2  (()_  j-^_  Q._  bi-rahaneii).  The  ppl.  of  raena, 
renntir   1 1^*  has  e  for  ae. 

3)  )  ae  by  7?-umlaut,  e.  g.  paer  39",  61"^  The  a  in 
this  wcrd  has  arisen  through  secondary  lengthening 
of  unaccented  *J>aR  cf.  Noreen,  Grd.,  p.  501.  Once 
e  is  written  for  ae ,  in  /tv  86 '^  It  is  not  strange 
that  e  is  used  for  ae,  since  both  signs  are  used  to 
represent  Germanic   e  and   umlaut-t'. 

§   7.  Germanic  e 

i)   =  rf:  e.g.   blasa   13^,  forms  o{  iiiancutr,  e.g.  38'',  sua 

(adv.)   .-.  g.    1 4. 
2)       rtt'  by   /-umlaut,  e.  g.   draepi  95*^,   saeti  5^.    This  ^^ 
and  the  one  arising  from  §  6,  2)  may  be  further  pala- 
talized to  e  before  R,  see  Kock,  Ark.,  XIII,  p.  167. 

The  orthography  of  this  ms.  confirms  Kock's  theory. 
The    adv.    nder   69'^   occurs    also    as    tier  98^,  35^. 


IMion(.l<.i:y  ^ 

Tlie  siipcrlalivc,  which  has  its  vowt-l  Iroiii  aiiali>j;y 
1(1  the  comparative,  is  written  iiacstir  I03>*,  mstir 
T,b^^.  Furthermore  thi:  adverb  mst  occurs  ig  t.  with 
(•,  but  always  in  the  combination  ////  mst,  where 
it  may  be  explained  as  having  a  secondary  accent 
and,  consequently,  reduction  of  vowel.  Other  forms 
occurring  in  the  ras.  showing  this  somewhat  rare 
combination,  which  might  support  the  theory,  are 
faer  (see  ^  6.  2)  and  ttacr  (3  s.  {  tid)  112';  but  these 
are  here   written  with  ac. 

3)  '^  ar  l)y  A'-umlaut;  e.g.  gacrktuUd  73*  r-^  giarkiulld 
99'-.  The  form  giar  is  probably  analogy  from  fX 
Swetl.  The  regular  form  in  O.  Swed.  is  gar  without 
umlaut.  /  is  an  insertion  before  a  non-palatal  vowel, 
cf.  Norecn,   Gr.  1,   §   226  a.   4.    macr  ra.  t.  e.  g.   70*. 

4)  The  at  in  >$  7,  1)  may  be  «-umlauted  to  uf,  cf. 
Noreen,  Gr,,  J^  71,  a.  2.  Probably  the  oc  in  forms  of 
oerendi  3  t.  c.  g.  78^,  is  of  this  sort,  the  //-umlaut 
having  arisen  from  a  contamination  of  the  suffixes 
-tind,  -hid.   Cf.   Norecn,   Gr.,   5^  149,    3,  j^    150,   2. 

5)  )  0  by  //-umlaut:  c.  g.  kiiodn  43''',  von  4  t.  c.  g.  9**. 

In  the  great  majority  of  cases  a  appears  for  this 
umlaut:  hadom  (d.  pi.)  4  t.  e.g.  66^  drapti  0  3  t.  e.g. 
i8«,  sarom  3   t.  f.  g.   74 '3,   vafn   86  ,  pradtim  8b»". 

Since  the  use  of  </  for  this  umlaut  is  so  general,  the 
supposition  arises:  (i)  either  that  </' was  not  umlauted  at  all  in 
this  dialect,  or  (2)  that  o  has  fallen  together  with  d  and  is  repn- 
sented  by  the  latter  sign,  as  was  the  case  in  Icelandic  after  I2  5(J 
(cf.  Noreen,  (ir.  5^  80).  The  former  supposition  is  very  improbable 
since  the  two  periods  of  umlaut  of  a  have  prevailed.  The 
objection  to  the  second  supposition  is,  that  in  cerUin  cases, 
where  the  regular  development  in  East  as  well  as  West  Norse 
is  from  o  i'>,  we  find  here  also  a.  The  cases  in  which  d 
before  an  //  following  is  further  labialized  to  o  are  as  follows: 
(l)  when  preceded  by  r-;  (2)  when  nasalizcil,  cf.  Noreen,  Gr., 
S   73,   2,  Hom.   M.,  pp.  66  tr. 

I.  Preceded  by  r.  All  the  cases  in  Kl.  where  these  con- 
ditions   appear  are   as  follows:  /iioir  (n.  s.   f.)  65^  ituido  32'* 


lO  l^honolopy. 

(cf.  kitodu  43'-'),  sainktioinii  Sy'-',  loH'',  I'afit  86^,  rnlkiiiii  12', 
vapit  5  t.  i\  g.  33,  vapnomlum  10  t.  <•.  ^^.  4I',  z'^';-  (poss.  n.  pi.) 
20^,  Vitro  7^,  bi^-"^,  ranun  8  t.  <•.  .^^  109^  vornm  27^,  forms  of  fvvv?: 
raroin  18',  evr/v  11  t.  <•.  .i,'-.  43^,  7'i>ni/o  24  t.  f.  ^.  103",  r'c/^?/' 
94',      Of  the   above   71    forms,   29   have  0  and  42   a. 

2.  Nasalized:  in  ast  76'',  91 1^,  (^/n-w  (d.  pi.)  2^  ;;/«//«  (;_  mega) 
36^2^  ^jb^  (333^  forms  of  inattngr  g  t.  f.  g.  60^,  83^,  «rtr»w  42-*,  nott 
6  t.  f.  ^.  71I'',  ^;«  (prep.)  4  t.  c.  g.  62'^,  asiandom  35**^,  ev/« 
4  t.  t-.  .^.  21'-^  (perhaps  moiiti  37^,  68-^).  Of  the  above  31  forms 
14   have  0,   the  rest  a.  ') 

'j   Included   in  tlie  above  exnn)])lf.s  are  all  iVs,    whatcvei'    their  origin. 

There  are  a  few  other  words  which  must  be  mentioned 
in  this  connection,  namely: 

forsio  3  t.  c.  g.  i^,  hon  57  t.  6'.^.  6o\  /lonnin'oin  135  t. 
e.  g.  44*,  sniorr  73'^,  95 ''^.  In  some  of  these  it  is  not  absolutely 
certain  that  the  original  vowel  was  a.  Cf.  Horn.  LI.,  p.  64,  and 
Kahle,  ^  73,  2.  They  are  therefore  disregar(Jed  in  discussing 
the   umlaut  of  a. 

From  the  evidence  of  El.  it  appears  that  the  development 
was  not  to  0,  but  simply  to  o  in  these  cases.  On  this  sup- 
position the  wavering  between  a  and  0  is  explained,  for  it  was 
approximately  at  the  date  of  this  ms.  that  the  change  took 
place.  It  will  be  noticed,  also,  that  in  every  case  where  it  is 
preceded  by  v,  the  v  is  retained,  which  would  not  be  the  case 
if  we  had  6.  Although  the  ms.  offers  no  examples  of  v  dropped 
before  6,  yet  we  may  be  sure  it  would  drop  in  this  case,  since 
it  is  regularly   dropped   before  0  and   //. 

This  dialect  certainly  occupies  a  peculiar  position  in  this 
respect,  since  the  evidence  for  6  in  most  dialects  seems  very 
strong.      Cf.   Wadstein  and  Noreen,   as   above. 

.§   8.     Germanic  c 

^-  e\  e.g.  lezk  82^  (cf.  lactk  816),  her  (adv.)  i^  etc. 
In  laetk  (see  above),  in  vaer  47  t.  e.  g.  8*^  (with  accent  18'), 
(cf.  ver  8^),  ae  is  used  to  represent  this  (■.  This  is  remarkable. 
e  )  ae  when  preceded  by  v  and  followed  by  ;-  or  /  in  many 
Norwegian  dialects,  cf.  Noreen,  Gr.,  §81,  and  Hom.  LI.,  p.  36 
but  no  instance  is  recorded  of  a  similar  change  of  e.  These 
are   the   only   cases  in   this   ms. 


I'liun..l..-v  I  I 

5$   (.;.     Germanic  / 

i)    =    /:  <•.  _(f.   bit  a   30'"'',   foriiis  of  rikr  i.  jf.    7*^. 

2)  ,'  before  // :  i:  tr.  Ic  22^-\  tittjallda  13"  (  twik) 
Noreen,  Gr.,  ii;   251,  a. 

3)  /:  c.  }r.  till  82'',  /lia  (     Jitm'a)    11  t.  e.g.   76'*. 

§    10.     Germanic  o 

1)  rm    (7;    —    e.g.    hloit    1 06-,  gotltiiH    102^,  for    III'''. 

2)  )  (;f  ((^)  by  /-umlaut:  e.g.  bocnir  t,'\  I2\  brodr  '^  t. 
f.  ^.  yi^yfoeti  6  t.  t.  ,(f.  7'  (cf./fV/  972),  forms  o{  roeda 
3  t.  with  t;f,  f.  i'.  82'"  -^  14  t.  with  <',  f.  .^.  rodcr  t^z^^, 
softi  gi'**.  t^i:  is  used  altogether  97  times,  o  48 
times. 

§    II.    Germanic  u 

i)   =^^  «:  hita  6  t.  6'.^.    114'-,  fnis   log'^. 

2)  )  J'  by  /-umlaut:  i.  g.   byr  77',  /;■//■  1  1 5^  jwjt  lo8^ 

3)  ':  (/  before  //.  This  6  oc  by  /-umlaut:  e.g.  ocskii 
i",   3^,   91'^,  f^^tvj;    106'*'. 

§    12.     Germanic  ai 

i)   rr=   mv;  <.  .;'-.   rttv;^-./  7>^  99*,  .^'/vr*//  5  t.  t.g.   7'*. 

The  usual  representation  of  this  diphthong  is  aei, 
but  ci  occurs  in  the  following  cases:  tigi  bg"*  (•^- 
aeigi  95  t.  c.  g.  658),  cinnigi  88-  (-^  forms  with 
aei  8  t.  f.  g.  80 '2). 
2)  /  f  by  shortening  before  geminata:  forms  ni  lielgr  15  t. 
e.  g.  I7'<'  ('^  haelgar  3"',  iartegnir  45  •  (cf.  Hom.  LI., 
p.  60  for  etymology),   forms  of  iiiistr  7  t.  t.  i'.  74"*. 


3) 


a)  Before  // ;    e.g.   a  f>    *^'g'^^   4'''»  ''""    /"• 

b)  Before  r ;  aria  (adv.)  3  t.  t.  ^.  27^  forms  oi  sar, 
e.g.  8 1 '2. 

c)  Before  w;  e.g.  forms  of  ^rt/  98'',  22',  aei  (Goth. 
aiw)  remains,  cf.  Noreen,  Gr.,  fj  57,  3.  a.  2.  It 
occurs   7   t.  e.  g.    16*  ('^  </<    83''). 

d)  In  syllables  with  strong  secondary  accent,  originally, 
and  thence  in  syllables  with  chief  accent:  — 
forms  of  badir  e.  g.  26^,  forms  of  klaedi  (/-uml.) 
e.  g.  86'". 


'  -  Plioiiology. 

»^    13.     Girmaiiic   an 

1)  —  ,/// :  forms  of  daudr,  c.  jr.  66",  sA-a/U  {,  skjofa) 
7   t.  f.  g.   zy,  {av  6613),  p^ji  g  t.  t:  g.  43?. 

2)  )  aty  by  /-umlaut:  c.  g.  dacyia  106IO,  kacvfti  24'. 
This  diphthong  is  written  aey  except  in  hlacidaz  90^ 
(cf.   hlaiyddiz  81^  and   hlacydc\i  §38,   89^. 

3)  )  acy  by   A'-uuilaut:     r.  ,i,^-.   acyro  b^^. 

4)  )  rt-':  Forms  a{  hdr  c.  g.  4411,  cf.  Ark.,  I,  266;  forms 
oi  far  4210,   81^. 

5)  )  6  )  0,  originally  in  syllables  with  secondary  accent: 
brott  (adv.)  27  t.  c.  g.  438,  98 '3  (cf.  forms  with  an 
6   t.   c.  g.   2 1 6,   60I). 

§    14.     Germanic   ch 

i)    )   io  (before  a.  0),  )  id:   e.g.  briota   -j^^,  kiosa  41''^ 

forms   of  piofr,  e.  g.   62'*. 
2)    ,  hi   (before  /.  7^.),  ) /Vi ;  t".  ^.  siiikr  81*',  82I.  This  //i  ) 
y  by   /-umlaut:    6'.  g.    bydr  85'^    (     bjoda),    kyss  93^ 
((  kiosa). 

CHAPTKK    II. 
VOWELS  IN  SYLLABLES  WITH   SECONDARY  ACCENT  OR 
UNACCENTED. 

A.   Variation    of  c!i. 

^15.  In  Noreen,  Gr.,  §  124,  2,  Hom.  LI.,  p.  88;  Sievers, 
Tii!).  Br.,  p.  1 1 ,  rules  are  given,  according  to  which  the  use 
of  these  vowels  is  regulated  in  Norwegian  dialects.  All  these 
rules  agree  essentially,  as  the  same  principle  prevails,  that  is, 
that  t'  is  used  after  the  less  palatal  vowels  a,  e,  0  and  /  after 
the   /-  and   ;/-vowels. 

These  vowels  in  El.  are  not  used  in  accordance  with 
this  principle,  although  there  are  traces  of  the  existence  in  a 
former  period   of  such   a  law. 

After  the  vowels  where  we  might  expect  f,  in  accordance 
with  the  principle  just  stated,  namely  a,  c,  0,  ac,  oe,  we  find 
th<^  vowels  distributed  as  follows:  after  a  360  t.  /  • — .  273  C, 
after  e,  470  /  ^.  39  c;  after  o,  175  / '^^  10  e;  after  ue  '75 
i  ^^  27  c;  after  oe  43  /  —  4  c. 

The  vowels  after  which  we  expect  /  are  /,  7t,  y,  an 
(diph.).  We  find  after  i,  352  / -^  94  c\  after  m  ii8f  9  c\ 
after  ?/  74  /  '^^  25  c;  after  au  f  5  /  '^-  one  c. 


I'h()iu)l<.(.'v.  i.i 

Clearly  the  so-i  ailed  vowel-lianuoiiy  does  not  exist  liere, 
yet,  siiici-  the  jnoporlioii  ol  <  s  is  i;rcat<^r  in  the  cases  where  it 
mi.uhl  he  exi)eclcii,  it  is  evident  that  such  a  law  did  at  «nie  time 
exist,  hut  that  the  dialect  is  at  this  time  in  a  transition  period 
tcndiuf,^  towartl  a  uniform  use  of  /,  as  in  the  later  Icelandic  rass. 

The  tcHal  number  of  /"s  is  2350,  of  <"s  575,  Of  these 
575  cases  where  f  is  retained,  51  belong  to  the  forms  of  one 
word,  siddiri,  but  this  is  tlie  only  case  where  a  single  word  or 
single  category  seems  to  have  been  instrumental  in  preserving 
the  I'.  In  certain  dialects  it  seems  that  some  entirely  different 
principle  regulated  the  use  of  cji,  that  certain  words  or  cate- 
gories had  one  vowel  or  the  other  independently  of  the  preceding 
vowel.  An  examination  of  the  ms.,  with  a  view  to  establishing 
such  a  principle,  results  as  follows :  In  the  forms  of  the  suffixed 
article  /  occurs  205  times,  c  8  times.  Suffix  -le(f  -fif/f  i  78  t.  '^ 
c  48  t.,  ac  2  t.  Usually,  in  this  suffix  the  vowel  varies  in  the 
same  word,  c.  i(.  7'in/nligr  4  t.  •^'  -/t\((  3  t.,  dyrligr  13  t.  '-^• 
-leg  8  t.  Suffix  -huj  -eriff.  -ing  138  t.  -  eng  twice.  Pres. 
ppl.  -ancle  -audi:  amh  30  t.  -^  -amii  4  t.  i\  g.  farandc  35^, 
43'*,  koiitandc  gg"'  '^.  -audi  go'^.  iii*^.  Pret.  ppl.  -innl-it:  i 
prevails  here,  f  being  used  but  once  or  twice,  i\  g.  falHun 
I  I**  etc.,  dragit  24^. 

In  the  above  word-formative  suffixes  there  certainly  is  a 
preference  for  one  vowel,  but  it  is  the  vowel  /  which  is,  as 
we  have  seen,   the   prevailing  vowel  throughout. 

In  the  inflectional  suffixes  the  vowels  are  more  equally  dis- 
tributed, c.  g.  in  the  3'^''  sg.  pret.  a  very  large  category  —  they 
are  nearly  equal;  andvarpadc  3  t.  <•.  g.  is**  -^^  -di  2  t.  c.  g.  85', 
hafdi'  2\  t.  e.  g.  42''*  '^  -di  22  t.  i.g.  2b^.  In  the  dat  sg.  m.  n.: 
c  70  t.  '^  /  41  t.  I.  g.  landi  II  t.  e.g.  g3"*,  sHcrde  8  t.  e.g. 
\\^  ^.  -di  15  t.  e.  g.  no*;  n.  pi.  m.:  <  17  t.  •^'  /  22  t.  e.  g. 
badir  8  t.  e.  g.  77^  <-^.  bader  2g'^,  ///;//;■  lit.  --^^  -er  once.  A 
few  adverbs  keep  one  or  the  other  vowel  quite  consistently: 
alldri  5  t.  <.  g.  7i>2  r^  alldre  26  t.  e.  g.  \2^,  aiidrij^i  107'* 
-^^  alldregi  25  t.  e.g.  64^,  alldrege  3g'*  '^  nlldreHgi  25  t.  e.g.  i*. 

The  above  examples  do  not  furnish  sufficient  evidence 
tor  a  law  regulating  the  vowels  acconling  to  suffixes,  aiu!  it  is 
Ixtter  ti)   conchule,   ;is   was   Stated   above,   that   the    usual    N<t- 


14  Phonology. 

wci^iaii  vowel-hariuoiiy  once  pr(»vailo(l,  but  that  the  dialect  is 
now  in  a  transition  period,  tending  toward  the  use  of/  uniformly, 
as   in    Icelandic. 

B.   Variation   of  njo. 

^  1 6.  There  is  no  greater  ret,nilarity  in  the  use  of  these 
vowels    than   in   the  use   of  /  c. 

The  statistics  are  as  follows:  After  the  following  vowels 
where  o  is  regular,  according  to  the  rule  for  Norwegian  (cf.  refe- 
rences given  above  for  /  <■),  we  tind:  after  e,  io8  7i  '^^  76  0, 
after  o,  102  //  ■^.  46  0,  after  oe,  12  ?/  '^^  42  o  after  o,  207 
//  -^^  201  0  [Iio)iojii  128),  after  iie  44  n  '^^  7  0,  after  ci,  36 
It,  '^-'  44  0.  After  the  vowels  where  it  is  regular  we  tind: 
after  a  11  n  ^^'  3  0,  after  i  474  11  —  19  0,  after  i«.  64  n 
•^^  2  0,  after  '//  47  ?t  '^^  17  0,  after  ne/  30  ;^  '^'  3  0.  The 
total  number  of  ;^'s  is  874  -^^  457  0  (128  Iionoin).  Here  too 
it  is  evident  that  //  preponderates ,  as  /  does,  though  the 
proportion  is  not  so  large.  It  is  also  evident  that  7t  pre- 
ponderates in  the  very  cases  where  0  would  be  regular,  which 
points,  as  in  the  case  of  i!e,  to  the  former  existence  of  a  law 
of  vowel-harmony. 

It  is  quite  as  impossible  to  arrange  these  forms  in  cate- 
gories with  special  endings  as  in  the  case  of  ije.  If  we  might 
expect  uniformity  in  any  form  it  would  be  in  the  ending  -7ti/i 
(cf.  Horn.,  LI.  p.  94),  yet  we  find  here  -itin  433  t.  '--.  -oin 
247  t.  (128  of  these  belong  to  honom  and  may  be  due  to  some 
special  reason).  The  only  large  categories  where  n\o  occurs 
with  any  sort  of  regularity  are  the  above  mentioned  hofiutn 
which  has  -mii  7  t.  '-^  -oiii  128  t.  c.  g.  -nni  98^,  98^  '-^  -o?ii 
i^^^y  2)i^'i  forms  of  varr  (poss.):  z'aro  7^,  61^3^  varolii  8  t. 
e.g.  82*,  forms  of  vera',  varo  11  t.  c.  g.  36^2  '^- zwro  22  t. 
e.g.  104^.  Aside  from  these  words,  complete  irregularity  prevails; 
e.g.  drapu  4o'2  ,^.  drapo  18^,  70"^,  raduiii  1 1",  4^  '^  radoiii. 
738,  aeimtm  22^*^  -^^  acinoiu  88^,  hiyuiit  14  t.  c.  g.  6'3  ^^ 
/j/jnh)   5   t.   L\  g.    5 '2. 

In  the  oldest  part  of  Hom.  e  and  0  are  regular  without 
regard  to  the  preceding  vowel,  in  the  younger  parts  there  is 
a  well  regulated  vowel- harmony.  Cf.  Hom.,  LI.  pp.  93,  94. 
The  ms.  of  El.  is  later  still,  having  passed  through  the  stage  of 
vowel-harmony  and  adopted  the  later  Icelandic  rule  of  /  and  ?t. 


Whonolocy  15 

C.     Ollirr    vowel    cliaiiK*"'^- 

55  17.  SulTix  -ari -iii.  Korins  with  ami  willii>iit  uiulaut 
occur,  the  variation  bcin^  tli>«-"  originally  to  a  tliflcrt-ncr  in 
accent;  <•.  g.  fahcri  85'-,  105*  ^^  snipatr  45^,  ndiitri  15  t. 
c.  g.  96'  '^^  -arilc  5  t.  c.  g.  44''*.  The  variation  <»f  vowel 
appears  also,  througli  levelinj^'^,  in  forms  where  no  /  followed; 
c.  g.  riddirar  y  t.  <•.  g.  2  2^,  ridiicrnm  43'-  '^-  riihiaro^m)  kj'^. 
riddirascap    i^  <^.   riddarascap  b^. 

^  18.  Suflix  -audiliudi.  Unilauted  forms  of  tliis  suffix 
appear  in  rangcudo{jii)    I'l,   forms   of  tidctidi  5   t.    c.  g.   73'-'. 

i^    19.     Germanic  o  in   unaccented   syllables. 

According  to  Noreen,  Gr.,  !^  117,  a.  2,  Germanic  o  appears 
fnially  as  a,  in  Norwegian  (juite  regularly,  having  crowded  out 
the  regular  0  (bef.  11  0)  througliout  the  paradigm.  This  is  not 
regularly  the  case  in  El.  but  the  following  instances  oct:ur: 
hvgnastit  78^^,  rikastu  30^  -^  riknstu  22^,  skiotaztu  92',  sam- 
hlaudaduiii  2"  '^-  hiorhlaiidodn  61',  skun(n')dadnm  IB'*,  stior- 
nadn    i  ^. 

5$  20.  y  is  umlauted  to  /  before  /  of  the  following 
syllable,  cf.  Noreen,  Gr.,  J^  126.  The  following  examples  occur: 
irir  5^  ~  yjir  9  t.  c.  g.  86",  rfcr  3  t.  c.  g.  7l^  Jinrjir  82  t. 
c.  g.  I04''  '^^  fyrir  68'',  ()2^^,  iiniifli  46'"^  '^-  iitiirfli  38^.  64-, 
////;;■//   S8l\  Inbvliim  8''^   14". 

§   21.     Miscellaneous. 

i)  C'ontraction  does  not  a])pear,  where  we  should  i-x- 
pect  it,  in  ddr  2',  sect   \b^  (ppl.   of  sid). 

2)  a  is  elided  in  gcf  cc  63*''. 

3)  The  form  of  the  y^  pi.  is  used  for  tlie  3'^  sg.  in 
soekia  82^. 

CHAPTER    in. 

.XCCKNT. 

%    22.    Where   tlie   acute   accent  is    used,    it  marks  a   l(»ng 

vowel,   usually,  and  corresponds    to    the    Icelandic   accent.     In 

the  majority  of  cases  however  the  cjuantity  of  the   vowels  is  left 

unmarked.     The  accent  is  used  as  follows : 

I  )  over  a  67  times;  e.  g.  a  (prep,  ami  adv.)  2:-^  t.  -^^  a 
in.  t.,  a  (fem.  subst.)  41',  ddr  2'  (here  the  accent  on 
till-   second   vowel  indicates   that  the  two  are  to   be 


1 6  Phonology. 

kept  apart),  ti  (^  ci^i^a)  5  t.  •^'  rr  6  t.,  nf  ('  cfn  60^, 
61^),  /",/  60"  ^- fa  9  t.  c.  .(f.  7 81-,  Iid/si  42"  '^ 
forms  of  //a/s  i  i  t.  c.  _i(.  30*,  Iiigf  (adv.)  i  i^  ^^^  lai(t 
93",  sdto  2  I '•'  -^^  satii  86*',  forms  of  rvr/v  (poss.) 
with  accent  5'^.  20*^.  28^  '-^^  forms  witliout  accent 
27   t. 

2)  over  e  12  times:  A'/  ({  lata)  5  t.  c.  g.  ij^^  '^-  Ut 
7    t.   c.  g.    13-*,   ;;//;-   14^  .^^  tmr   102   t. 

3)  over  ^)  26  times:  boklaerdr  17''  '^^  //i^)/'  3  t.  e.  g.  1 16'', 
donia  lO^  <^.  domn{i}i)  17-,  forms  iii  godr  2  t.  102^ 
(his)  ^.  forms  oi  godr  14  t.,  </;/  (prep.)  62'^,  74'^ 
'^-  on  62-^.    7g2. 

4)  over  io  3  times:  r.  ,^.  Hop  66"*,  102^  f^.  //(7/>  17  t., 
//J;/   77^". 

5)  over  71  \2  times:  c.  g.  hi'ts  log'*,  I'lt  5  t.  c.  g.  gg'^  ^-^ 
///  m.   t.,   nmbot  3^,   (may  be   dittography   here). 

6)  over  ;-  2  times:  —  fyst  b\^,  oiiyt  loi-' '-^  forms  of 
oiiytir  nyttr  6'",   6^. 

7)  over  an  13  times:  —  8  t.  over  second  vowel,  5 
times  over  first  —  c.  g.  brant  2\^  ^'i^,  21^0  ---• 
brantt  87",  brant  156,  brant  6o\  Idnf  45^  '^.  lanf 
in  compounds  and  derivatives  7  t.,  lanfgn/Ita,  scant 
10 1 ^  '^-  skant  7  t.  There  seems  to  be  no  reason 
for  placing  the  accent  over  one  vowel  rather  than 
the  other,  since  the  same  word  occurs  with  the 
accent  in  both  positions,   cf.  above  —  brant  —  ld7if. 

8)  over  ac  60  times:  e.  g.  gaefa  26 'i  <^.  gacfa  3  t. 
c.  g.  7g6,  hactta  1146  ,^.  hactta  3  t.  c.  g.  13'*,  tnacr 
6   t.    .^^  viair   18   t. 

g)   over  aei  once   —  pdcir  43'^  .-^.  pacir  m.   t. 
10)   over  g  once  —  fort  60^*. 

General  remarks    on  Vocalism. 

The  manuscript  betrays  marked  Icelandic  characteristics  in 
several  important  points,  namely,  the  younger  ?^ -umlaut  of  a 
and  d ;  the  falling  together  in  sound  of  o  and  d ;  the  prevailing 
use  of  /  in  unaccented  syllables.  This  fact,  together  witli  the 
absence  of  any  decided  East  Norse  characteristics,  marks  the 
dialect  as  being  West  Norwegian. 


PhoiioUigy  '  7 

I'Akr  II. 
CONSONANTS. 

CHAI'TKR    IV. 
GKKM.NNIC   CoNSON.XN'rs. 
i;    2,^.     GiTinanic:  /> 

i)  =  /».  — a)  When  medial;  t.g.  apa/ldrs  bty',    forms  of 
dn-pa,  i:  g.    i  g^. 

b)  When  final;    gnu//)  5  t.  f.  g.   98^,   forms  of 
sAi/>,  c.  g.   2o\ 

c)  In  combination  with  j-  —  e.g.  sprungii  106-, 
spotti   12*2^   forms  of  spiot,  e.g.   5^3. 

2)  )  /  in  the  combination  />/.  This  is  a  peculiarity  of 
Norwegian  dialects  and  is  somewhat  rare.  Cf.  Noreen, 
Gr.,  ^  igi.  The  following  instances  occur  in  El.: 
lacvfti  6  t.  i.  g.  2 5 13  -^  lacypti'n  6  t.  c.  g.  I3«, 
siacrffiz  T,T,^  '^  Stacy ptiz  bf,  -it  40".  The  com- 
bination pt  occurs  in  .'^murptr  lOO*,  otptic  11  \2  t. 
<•.  g.  100  1*,  Xv///  64'. 
^^  y^yi  —  originally  when  final,  thence  by  Iran.sfer 
to  medial  position,  < .  g.  tipp  32  t.  i\  g.  io6''*,  tippi 
8g'.    114'. 

All  words  with  initial  p  are  Idan-words.    K.xamples 
of  these   are  pnrndisi  76-,    ptisii({iii)   4",    pi/h   73'3. 
§  24.     Germanic  // 

i)   =  pp,  c.  g.  slvppr  661. 

2)  )  /  before  another  consonant; 

e.g.  kiptib\^  {{kippa),  kapsamliga  44''^  (  iitp  cf.  ///  p.  :!8). 
55   25.      Germanic   /> 

i)  z=  /)  —  occurs  only  alter  nasals:  —  Imiiis  ol  tii.iiut', 
e.g.   5o':\ 

Words    with    initial    b    (if  not  from  f>)    are    loan- 
words, t.  g.   bellti  87^  hraevi  78". 

2)  Assimilations:  —  mb  luni  in  syllables  with  weak 
accent,  and  is  further  simplified  to  ///,  e.  g.  urn 
(prep.)  m.  t.  e.  g.  3». 

3)  /;   iv    lost    in    ihainsaiiia  ^7^  •^'  forms   of  dramb   m.  t. 

2 


r8  Phonology. 

v^   26.   Germanic  /' 

1 )  r=r  <^  initially,    t'.  .if.   hana    106*,    forms    of   harji  9   t. 

2)  )  y  (a  voiced  dento-labial  spirant);  c.  j{_  arf  4'^, 
forms  of  dracifa,  e.  g.  1 12^,  klifa  40-''',  A^  30'^',  -Incifa 
6 1 2,   ^yi?;/   g  t.   <-.  .§■.    60"^. 

This  sound  is  represented  by  v  in  the  following 
words:  53  t.  gevi  74'^  '^^  gtifi  10  t.  and  many  other 
forms  and  derivatives,  all  written  withy";  the  following 
forms  of  hava :  ham  22  t.  e.  g.  42^^  [hana  91** 
'-^  hafa  g  t.  c.  g.  18^^),  /n'T'i  9  t.  -^  /ic/i  6  t., 
/if7'ir  3'',  64^1  '^  //r/ir  50  t.  e.  g.  3''',  havoni,  hovom 
4  t.  (all  otlxer  forms  of  hava  havey);  hovod  t^^  "-^ 
forms  with  /  27  t.  and  haiifdiiigi  15  t,;  liva  3  t.  e.  g. 
8^  -^  Ufa  9 '3,  livaudcja  3  t.  <;■.,;'■.  36'  (-^  lifande 
4  t.  f.  .§-.  81 1),  livi  16,  73  0^  Uji  12*^,  30'',  (^//zv-s- 
7 4 13  ,^^  olijis  112^  (other  forms  with_/');  sialvnni  oni 
3  t.  £.'..§■.  25IO  "^^  sialfiuu,  siolfnin  4  t.  <•.  .§•.  7 5 '3  (in 
all  other  forms,  /);  ivir  5-^  —  j'Jir  12  t.  r.  g.  113*; 
athaevi  42 ^ 

3)  /;/  )  ;«;z  (This  is  the  /  of  §  27.  2.).  This  is  a 
Norwegian  development  and  occurs  under  different 
conditions  in  different  dialects.  Cf.  Noreen,  Gr., 
^    182.   2  and  Hom.  LL,  p.  108. 

The  cases  where  this  occurs,  or  might  be  expected, 
in  El.  are  as  follows:  iavmaii  (adv.)  i^^,  763  ''•^ 
iafnan  5  t.,  iaiiiniugi  45'"  '^'  iafn{ii)ingar  9^,  iaiii- 
in  cpds.  12  t.  (followed  by  /,  g,  vi,  e'),  iafnligast 
27^*^,  athofn  40^0,  henma  39^^  '^'  hcfna  17^,  102^ 
{fn  in  other  forms  of  this  word,  3  t.  before  a 
vowel,  2  t.  before  d  and  /),  stiefn  96^,  snefnioft 
73^*^)  75*-  This  is  rather  scanty  material  on  which 
to  set  up  a  rule,  but  the  tendency  seems  to  be, 
fn  )  uni  in  a  syllable  with  weak  accent,  c.  g.  lain- 
15  t.  (cf.  Hom.  LI.,  p.  109,  foot-note)  .^^  iafn  once, 
and  this  change  may  occur  before  a  vowel;  e.g.  inn 
in  the  above   list  4  t.   — >  /«    13   t.   (cf.   p.  28). 

One  instance  occurs  ofy";  ///  before  a  nasal  vowel, 
hclmingr  84^. 


IMionoloRV.  li) 

4)  )  /  (unvoiced)  before  A  and  s;  c.  ji(.  alfki>uur  65", 
869,   (ef.   Kluge,   s.  Alp.),  pyfskn  652. 

!;5    27.     Germanic  /  (unvoiced) 

1)  = /,  wluMi  initial;  forms  of  yr/r*?,  t .  i^.  H-',  (_^i-*,  /,//;-, 
e.g.   95"'. 

2)  )  /  (voiceless  dento-labial  spirant),  after  a  vowel  or 
/,  r,  except  when  /',  s,  or  /  follows:  forms  of  ajl, 
c.  g.  60*,  hofa  92",  ot'fra  14^,  forms  of  akafr  6  t. 
c.  g.  \2^  --.  akai'om  5^.  'J'his  latter  is  the  only 
instance  where   v  is  written   for  this  souiul. 

3)  )  /  before  s,  t.  There  is  no  apparent  rule  for  this 
change,  cf.  Noreen,  Gr.,  i;  185,  2,  Horn.  Li.,   p.  109. 

The  cases  are  acpt{cr)  41^  {'^-  ft  16  t.),  gip/uiH^^^ 
{'^  S^fti^  8i2  and  other  forms  with  //  9  t.),  lopt  90^ 
(~//  4  t.),  forms  of  hpt  44J<,  13^,  972  (~//  22^^, 
97®),  optasamliga  21'*  (-^^  (0*  64''-,  7  i»),  op/arr  ^2*, 
39'5  (~  oftarr\r  422,  65',  8'8),  spiotscapt  2\^,  26« 
('^-  ff  35^''»  35'").  vidrsciptile  29",  104*.  Other 
words  where  only  ft  appears  are :  forms  of  kraftr 
3  t.  e.g.  3  1 2,  forms  o{  kroftngr  12'^,  75'".  rifsingnm 
94'',  forms  of  .^kifta  3  t.  e.g.  2710,  aftr  10  t  < .  ^^. 
102'^. 

The  above  examples  show  thai  this  tendency 
is  not  well  established  in  El.  for  there  are  only 
13  ex.  of//  and  in  every  case,  except  ridrscipti, 
the  same  word  has  a  greater  number  of  forms  withy/. 

4)  /"  is  htst  in  y////  2  i '2,  t2^^\  Jiuitu  4410.  \n  Jim  fit  f 
is  dropped  because  it  is  in  a  group  of  three  consonants. 

Jim  follows   the   analogy   of  the  ordinal. 

il;    28.     Germanic   / 

i)   =  /;  forms  oi  taka,  e.g.  14''',  67**,  tima  25IO,  forms 

oi  fotr,  e.  g.   95 1". 
2)   )  //when  final,  unaccented,  and  preceded  by  a  vowel, 
7  times;  hrotid  (ppl.)  26''  (^'  hrotit  63''),  getid  (ppl.) 
95',  latid  (ppl.)   66",    loo<,    106'*.     In   these   parti- 
cipial forms  the  d  (=  /)  is  from  //  (    «/. 

d  is  used  also  in  the  forms  of  the  suffixed  artic  Ic 
twice;  /trios  fid  75 '"-^  lopt  id  90"  r>^-  /  many  times. 


I'ltonology. 

In  all  of  the  above  cases  the  syllable  begins  with  /. 
This  seems  to  indicate  a  tendency  to  such  a  dissim- 
ilation as  exists  in  certain  Icelandic  mss.,  cf.  Noreen, 
Gr.,  §  192.  The  dissimilation  is  not  compU^tcly 
carried  out,  however,  for  /  occurs  in  briostit  t^;^-^, 
spiotit  3 si-*. 

3)  )  //  after  a  long  vowel  with   chief  stress : 

When  originally  final;  c.  g.  hrott  (adv.)  27  t. 
c.  g.  7^,  1 2**  -^  hrot  5  t.  c.  g.  42^,  djrtt  (adj.) 
44I,  62"  '--^  iiyrt  5  t.  e.g.  1 1 1^,  ertt  ((  vera)  83^ 
r-^  ert  30  t.  e.g.  115"^  (The  single  occurrence  of 
this  word,  which  is  usually  unaccented,  with  tt  is 
probably  due  to  careless  writing),  boettr  35^,  satt 
(2  sg.  pt,   (  sia)  34'''^,    2T,^'-  (witli  acct.),  fatt  81''. 

In  gaetti  ^^z'^'^  the  reason  for  doubling  is  not 
clear,  {ci.  giaeta  107'-').  Cf.  Ark.,  V,  121  f.  In  boettr 
we  have  an  example  of  sporadic  lengthening  of  t 
before   r,  cf.  Noreen,   Gr,,   ^220   a.  2. 

4)  //  stands  for  Latin  /  in  forms  of  natfuruligr  3  t. 
e.  g.    24I"  '^-^  /   i^. 

5)  tk  is  assimilated  to  ^/^;  e.  g.  forms  of  nockor  with 
ek    15   t.  —^  ec  2>?>'^^. 

6)  a)   /  +   5  is   written  z  with  the  value   of  ts  in  bliaz 

73 '2,  skatz  78»*. 
b)  /  is  dropped  in  the  following  cases :  fcii  {J>er 
follows)  63!*;  hinga  70^  (■^.  hingat  11  t.  e.g. 
242.  The  dropping  oi  t  in  hingat  is  undoubtedly 
due  to  careless  writing.  D  has  hingat  and  D  is 
based  on  the  same  original,  but  as  it  is  much 
later  and  greatly  changed,  it  proves  nothing  as  to 
the   form   of  the  word   in  the   original. 

^29.     Germanic  // 

^   //,   e.  g.  hetti  43^,   forms   of  skattr  4  t.   e.  g.   792. 

t^   30.     Germanic  el 

i)  =  d  (occurs  only  after  nasals);  forms  o{  binda,  e.  g. 
6^  10I2,  forms  of  hond,  e.g.  30^'*,  nndirer  13  t. 
('^-  nndir  69'^). 


2))/;       a)   wlicn  liiial   after  // ,   t.  x-   ^^'^^^  9^'"'.   loi^ 

b)  when  tiual  after  /,  f.  ,i^.  ffia/Z/bz'',  ^^allt  in", 
hcllt  (>    haltiia)  y   t.  f.  y;.   36\ 

c)  before  jt   (written  z)   in  tan{n)z  20^. 

3)  (iid)t  >  //;  e.g.  foctt  38,  65«. 

4)  rt'  is  lost  in   a  group  of  tliree  consonants ;  aninjsiior 
45I",   vanligast  64'*,   hniguu    113'^. 

31.     Germanic  <^/ 

I  ))</;  —  a)  when  initial ;  forms  oii/ottir,  e.g.  78^'*,  (fi.^ca  b  i  ". 
b)  after  /,  iii,  11,  regularly,  but  the  following  wortls 
have  some  forms  with  d\  Jioldi  4  t.  c.  g.  116' 
ici.Jioldt'  40"^),  skildeli  6  t.  c.  g.  45'",  skilldtimz 
18^  (~  J/t//rt'<-  24I2,  36",  (//)  38'\  vcsoldtim 
38-  ('^'  vcsallda  ^■j'',  -dcr  3  t.  f.  ^.  16',  samdc 
47  (cf.  ^rt/Wf  863),  j^,.;,^^  311^  .dar  8"  (cf. 
socmd  6  t.  -^/<rr  ^  4  t.),  -scmd  10*,  -<?/•  12"  (cf. 
-scmd  4  t.   f.  ^^.    10^,   -ar    ig'*). 

The  change  of  d  to  </  in  this  position  took 
place  in  Norwegian,  at  about  the  time  that  this 
ms.  originated,  occurring  latest  of  all  after  a 
short  vowel.  These  words  are  remnants  of 
the  older  state.  The  last  tive  words,  it  will  be 
noticed,  have  a  short  vowel.  Cf.  Horn.  LI., 
p.  106. 
c)   after  Ig,  ng.     Cf,  Noreen,   Gr.,   .^  183,    1.  b. 

Two  instances  of  this  change  occur;   fjlgdar 

8*,   5'   (-^   -dar  f,  107^,  73"  and  other  forms 

with    Igd  1 1    t.),    he{n)gdc   26^    ->-•  heugdr  65-. 

2)  =  d;  e.g.  b  acid  0^2^,  66',  (/r/vAi' 6  i  ",  forms  oi  /lardr, 

t\  g.  14*,  forms  oi  fadir  e.g.  71'^.   It  is  written  </ tliree 

times,  namely,  daiidan  25'  (cf.  dandatt  31"^  and  other 

forms  with  d  20  t.J,  gode  62  •  (cf.  godej  4  t.  e.  g.  43'^' 

and  other  forms  with  d  10  t.},  modirO)^  (cf.  tnodirt^\ 

3))/.  — a)  after  s,  e.g.  kysd   yb^*,    102',   zaeiztn  69'"; 

b)  after  /  and  «  which  are,  or  were  once,  preceded 
by  a  voiceless  consonant;  ntaellti  m.  t.  e.g. 
2t)'\   raenti  94 '^ 

c)  after  />  and  /  .  e.  g.  kipti  64',  kaey/ti  24',  laeypti 
6  I.  e.  g.    \\^  {ft  6  t.  e.g.   25«3). 


Phonology. 

cl)    before  s;  e.g.  borz -j-j^'^;  bui  daiu/s  1 08^ -,  guifs 
8  I.  i\  g.   31-.     In    these   forms    rf  is  retained 
through  association.     Further  examples  are  the 
2.  pi.  reflex,    duis  85I8,  higiz  889,  ,.^,v//s  88^. 
e)  When    final    after    a    vowel  with  weak  accent. 
hnndrat  g  t.    e.g.   bz^,    vict  (prep.j  12  t.  e.g. 
7»^    8'   (cf.   med  97   1.    e.  g.   67^),    vit  (prep.) 
177,  691%    ii5i«  (cf.  vid  m.  t.,  nid  88'),  hau- 
fut   453     (cf.    -lid   m.  t.,     -?//    95^,    nd   iio'-'). 
This  last  form  may   be   explained   as   a    trans- 
fer   from  the    genitive,    where  d  ^  t  before  .v. 
Cf.  Noreen,   Gr.,   ,§    183.   a.    10. 
In  a  few  cases  /  occurs  in  the   2  pi.   of  the  verl); 
nemit    12I*,    latet    7*    (cf.    latid    S^,    428),   takit  628, 
set  ((  si(i)   4  t.  6'.  g.   2 13  (cf.  .yt-^  58;. 

This  change  occurs  only  dialectically  and  late 
in  Icelandic  Icf.  Noreen,  Gr.  ^  183.  2.  f.).  The 
verb  forms,  2  pi.,  are  explained  as  reduced  from  a 
double  consonant  arising  from  an  enclitic,  dt  )  it  )  /. 
cf.  Noreen,  Gr.,  §  135,  a.  i.  The  two  words  given 
above  with  d,  namely,  vid  and  hatifud  have  d  pro- 
bably because  the  stroke  in  d  was  omitted.  In 
haufup  95^  we  have  the  only  instance  of  /  final. 
It  is  probably  dittography  as  /  in  fegar  stands 
almost  directly   above   it  in  the   ms. 

4)  </  -7-   ^  >  dd,  e.g.   baeiddiz  44^,   84',    blaeyddiz  81'^, 
foedde  70*. 

5)  Assimilations. 
a)   Regressive. 

a.  di  )  //,   e.  g.  klaeiti   log'^,    roett  8^«,  gott  5  t. 

1^.  dd  )  dd,  e.  g.   aeydd  10 1^. 

y.  dl  )  //,  e.  g.  imllom  4  t.  e.  g.  46',  ;;/////  56-'^,  87^*. 
b.   Progressive. 

a.   td  )  //,  e.  g.  gaettu  97'^,   pt.   oi  nioeta  5  t.  e.  g. 
nioetti  113^,  setti  98^,    -n   21^  (;  sefia),   vard- 
vaeitti  26^. 
/i?.   Rd  )  <:/^;  forms   of  rodd,  e.g.   29I. 


f'honolof^y.  -V) 

h)  (/  is   lost   ill    a   j^roiip  of  lliriu;  consoiiarilh;   umrnunn 
l[b^,    roriiis   of  siiiij^iiii  4  t.   e.g.    107''. 
5^  ^2.     Germanic  / 

i)   =  /   when   initial;     t.  .^.  /''^^'^'•r   2",    22'",    lorius    of 
/ora,   e.g.  porir   2,^^,  f'ackndc  43",   91"^. 

2)  )  // 

a)  after  vowels;  e.g.  kuad  -jO^.  This  d  t  hrforc 
,v  and  Is   is  written   c,    c.  g.   ahracizl  75'. 

lij    after   r;   forms   of  Ttrda,   i.  g.   g'. 

c)  when  initial  in  a  syllable  with  weak  accent,  < .  .;'•. 
/{■c/V/^;-   i,i^\  forms  of  >tAr.v//,   f.  .^.   86l^   86' >. 

3)  /'  in  the  combination  //,   which   bej,'ins  a  syllable; 
forms  oiflyia,  c.  g.  42^,  forms  of  intiyjli  3  t.  c.  g.  a*. 

4)  Assimilations. 

a)  //  )  //,  e.  g.  forms  of  alir  m.  t.  '—  /  once  in  alt 
9511,  (j/i.  (pref.)  2  t.  f.g.  80'*,  104*2,  ,7/-  5  I.  i\  g. 
36'',    forms  of  gull  24  t,  c.  g.   87-    ^cf.  .;'■///-   5'^). 

h]  it/<  nil,  i\  g.  forms  oi  aiiiiarr  with  ////  m.  t.  (cf. 
anarri  i  1 1 1'\  -a  8 1 8),  forms  of  skiini  6  t.  e.g. 
38",  forms  oi  itiDia  4  t.  <•.  .if.  76^,  forms  ofjinua, 
t\  g.    102". 

5)  is   lost  before  /;   forms   of  ///<//  5  t.  i.  g.    2^^''. 

^   33- 

//a)  //,   f.g.   spotti   12'",    /t/Ar    28   t.    e.g.    i  ib^.      Cf. 
Ark.,   IV.,   97. 

b)  P  }  fi  after  a  vowel  with  weak  accent;  eda  31  t. 
f.  g.   \^y  mcdait   8  t.  c.  g.   36-. 

^   34.     Germanic  k 

\)    —   k:  folk   5  t.   e.g.   38*,    forms   of  kidkr,   e.g.   92^, 
lokit   12". 

For  the  writing  k.e  see  below.  It  is  written  once 
ijii  in  y//^?</  (^2'^  (cf.  X'«^rf'  143  t.j.  In  kiendi  I09^ 
III-  the  palatal  consonant  is  indicatetl  by  ^/ which  is 
rare  before  a  palatal  vowel.  Other  forms  of  this 
word  have  k\  kend-  7  t.  and  kenna  30'-.  In  the 
followinjj  cases,  where  a  palatal  k  has  come,  tlirouKh 
syncope  of  a  palatal  vowel,  to  stand  befori-  a  non- 
palatal   vowel,  /"  is  inserted  to  show  the  palatal  qual- 


24  PhonoloRv. 

ily:  fatoikiiiiii  2',  -an  8'*,  niiinidrcckiu  75'',  Hcitcskinr 
22^,  -a  75^,  -oiii  87'',  rikium  8'''  (cf.  /-/-^////if  5  t. 
c.  g.  9'*),  /vXvrt  2-*  (-^'  ricau  8g^*  etc.).  In  k/rki/t 
3^  the  preceding  palatal  vowel  produces  palatali- 
zation of  /'.    cf,  Noreen,   Gr.,   5^   204. 

2)  k   4-   /  )  kk,  f.  g.   rcckui   6  t.   c.  g.    75". 
y^   -(-/<!  )  kk,  c.  g.   7iocknidr  bz"^^. 

3)  ^  M  before  /,  c.  g.  macklig  85^,  in  forms  of  mikill, 
ck  lb  i.  c.  g.  711-^  (kk  in  mik-kla  1 13^").  In  styrck  63' 
the  reason   for  the  gemination   is  not  apparent. 

^   35,     Germanic  kk 

^  kk ,  c.  g.  lokkari  102",  loccat  37*,  lockum  i'\ 
forms  oi  flockr  6   t.   r.  ^.   41 '^   {ci.  JJoks  ^}i^^'). 

kic  —  Both  k  and  r  are  used  to  represent  the  voiceless 
guttural  stop,  but  neither  letter  is  used  to  represent  exclusively 
either  the  palatal  or  the  guttural,  as  is  the  case  in  many 
Norwegian  mss.  (In  the  following,  all  Norse  k's  of  whatever 
origin  are  included). 

The  single  palatal  voiceless  explosive  occurs  about  430 
times;  of  these  only  11  are  r's:  coanit  t^^,  micit  20*,  scip  22', 
sciolldu  iqI",  scialld-  10'',  scjli  g^'^,  vidrscipte  104'*,  scylld  4  t. 
Of  these  eleven,  nine  occur  in  the  combination  sc.  This  com- 
bination occurs  as  sk  162  times.  Palatal  geminata  occurs  36 
times,  always  ck.  It  appears  from  the  above  that  k  is  the  regular 
representative  of  palatal  /'. 

The  guttural  voiceless  explosive  occurs  about  1335  times. 
Of  these,  594  are  t's  (including  (Y"  225  t.).  c  (gutturalj  occurs 
initially,  medially  and  tinally,  especially  in  combination  with  jr.- 
sk  66  times  ^^^  sc  168  times;  taka  4  t.  e.  g.  67^  f^.  taca  7  t. 
'^- §■  73^>  '"'^'^  3  t.  t\  g.  97  \  f^  uiioc  23  t.  6-.^.  87^2,  kaiillodti 
20''^,  -^^  calladi  10^.  k  occurs  as  initial  more  frequently  than  c. 
Guttural  geminata  occurs  80  times;  ck  73  t.  -^  /^/^  5  t.  ^-  cc 
2  t.  e.  g.  drccka  33I2,  75I4,  Yowx  out  of  the  live  kk's  occur 
where  the  word  is  divided  at  the  end  of  the  line,  c.  g.  lok- 
-kari  102^'.  The  two  instances  of  cc  are  loccat  37  ,  noccorrom 
2i^'^'^.  The  combination  cl  occurs  chiefly  in  two  words  clacdi 
and  mikill.  In  forms  of  clacdi,  kl  occurs  19  t.  '^^  r/  25  t.  In 
forms   of  fiiikill,    /{-/  3   t.   -^   cl  31    t.      When   final  before   /,   the 


I'lionoluny.  25 

Stop  wliii  li  coinus  Iroiii  </  ()i:i:ur.s  ts  I-  always  as  i,  i.  ;'.  f^acffilict 
3"'.  Ill  six  cases  liiial  /■  (whir.li  has  i)fc'n  included  anions  the 
gutturals),  is  followed  l)y  tlu-  i)alatal  vowel  of  the  suflixed  article. 
In   these   cases   it   is   always   written  k. 

The  above  figures  show  that  k  is  used  in  the  majority 
of  cases  for  both  palatal  and  guttural.  The  geminata  is  nearly 
always  ck,   whether  palatal   or  guttural. 

^   36.     Germanic  g 

•)    =-   g- 

forms  oi  goi/r,  c.  g.  godaii  89',  forms  oi  giui,  r.  g. 
37,   forms   oi  gi/a,  e.g.   5II,  hngr  (adv.)   5.   t.  e.g. 

Before  a  non-palatal  vowel  gi  is  written,  to  indicate 
a  palatal  g,  in  the  following  words:  liacdiugiix  32", 
-/err  gi^,  aerjingia  ^^,  fraegia  76*,  no^,  gi'orsf  103'^, 
giorsamliga  62*,  giarktielld  gg^^,  hoegiasto  93'^,  forms 
of  cng  (pi.)  4  t.  c.  g.  34^ 

Once,   in  gicgnnni  60",    gi  represents   palatal  g. 
2))/^.    -a)   after  s,  e.g.  cnskiz  81'. 

b)  after  /,  c.  g.  huartki  5   t.  f.  g.   7". 

c)  l)efore  /,  suf.  -cct  -icf,  c.  g.  kiinnict  7  t.  c.  g. 
69"",  paigilcct  3». 

d)  before  //;   forms  of  katr  {^yxluihtaR)  3  t.  t.  g. 

If- 

3)  ng  final  )  nk  )  kk,  e.g.  feek  36^  106^  {^-  fek  26', 
982,  7010(f),  yir/  22,^^^^  g,,,/,  4  t.  e.g.  38I  (—  gak 
38'",  103'),  geek  14  t.  e.g.  114I3  ('^.  gek  97'), 
keck  3  t.  (.  g.  87^.  The  forms  with  single  consonant 
are  due  to  tlie  fact  that  these  verbs  were  often 
unaccented  in  sentence  combination,  in  which  case 
the   simplification  wonld   be   regular. 

^)  g  +  '  :■  gg  ■  forms  uf  /egg/a,  e.  g.  bg*,  tueggia  i  15'", 
forms  of  skegg,  e.  g.  i'',  forms  of  or uggr  .\  t.  (/^^  g 
20'",   114'^,   simplifieil   in   a   final   consonant  group). 

5)  g  ^  i'  /  gg-  —  Forms  of  kogg  \\d\L-  gg  24  t.  ('^  /laiigs 
3  t.  e.  g.  45"),  forms  of  {/t)>yggia,  rjggr  -gg  7  t. 
('^  t'Jgl'^'^'k  7 '  '^>  ^^'  ngglaeik  2 1  '■*).  The  forms 
with  single  consonant  are  due  tt)  the  regular  dropping 


2b 


IMu.ir 


of.;'  wlicrc  a  group  of  three  consonants  arises.  Where 
llu'  (l(>ul)lf  consonant  appears,  as  in  rygglacik,  it 
is  restored,  or  rather  preserved,  by  association,  — 
trjgguan    115'"*,   forms   of  sknggi  3   t.  e.g.   bo^'. 

Of  similar  origin   is  probably  the  gg  in  enggarrar 
gi2   (^  0ng{v)ai-rar). 
6)  is  lost 

in  lacjndiz  68    Goth,  {ga-laugujaii).    Cf.  also  the 
loss  of  g  noted  above, 
i^i   37.     Germanic  // 

I  )  =  //  when  initial  before  ij,  i  (voiceless  spirant),  c.  g. 
Jmossimi  43^,   forms   of  hvitr,  c.  g.  Juiitn  6''-^. 

2)  =^  h  (breathing)  when  initial  before  a  vowel;  forms 
o{  hafa,  e.g.   2\^^,   forms   oi  Juindr,   e.g.  22^"^. 

3)  /  voiceless  /,  7Z,  ;-,  before  /,  ;/,  r,  and  is  then  lost; 
forms  of  (//)  laeia,  e.  g.  74',  forms  of  {Ii)bitr,  31', 
forms   of  (//)    ransir,  e.  g.^^i^''^. 

There  are  only  three  instances  in  El.  of  the 
retention  of  //,  namely,  hrid  76II,  linefnin  bl'-'',  ////(,'/ 
31  (cf  Hop  m.  t.).  These  are  due  to  the  influence 
of  the   Icelandic. 

4)  hzv  before   0  '    //,  e.  g.   horfa   7^,  hot  92 ^ 

5)  )  k  after  a  short  vowel   before  ^ ; 

forms  of  vaxa,  e.  g.  26'^,  fax  95 1*^,  sextigir  3'^, 
oexi  37^',    733,   oxl.   6   t.  e.  g.    29^. 

6)  Assimilation.      ///  )  tt : 

atti  {{eigd)  3  t.  e.  g.  4 1  '^^,  forms  of  doftir  m.  t. 
e.  g.  6g'^,  forms  of  droftin  m.  t.  e.  g.  ib^  (cf.  drof- 
ffi{n)g  lor<i),  J1aettingn[)n)  87*  '^  /  95'',  forms  of 
haetta  4  t.  e.g.  114^,  haetti  {^hdttr)  3  t.  e.g.  82^, 
forms  of  mega,  jiiatt  etc.  m.  t.  e.  g.  31^,  forms  of 
nott,  e.g.  71I'  {ci.  naetr  b/\.^'^,  ttatso7tge  12^),  ottiimz 
92 '3,  retir  81 '3,  forms  of  slettr,  e.g.  92^,  ^otli  5  t. 
e.  g.  II,  forms  of  ae//  6  t.  e.  g.  6^. 
7j  //  is  lost: 

e.  g.  d  41',  ddr  2',  bra  [(  bregda)  4  t.  e.  g.  98I'', 
forms  of  fa,  e.  g.  56,  forms  of  lieainr  7  t.  e.  g.  i  2*, 
hirtiz  72 S  879  (Ger.  *ba/r///.\-),  pnsnndrat  78^  (-^  // 
94i»),   i7ts    1 7 If*  (=   /zmj). 


I'lioiiolupy.  27 

3H.     (iuriuuiiic   / 

1)  —    /,  f.  g,   foinis  1)1"  aj/t////    If)'",    iv',   '''/<?</  hb*,   -//^ 
m.   t. 

2)  voiceless  /  wIhii  initial,  cf.  examples  iiiuler  j!^  37,  3. 

3)  =  // 

a)  before  ^,  <■.  ,^'-.   <7//<//v    i'',  npalldrs  66^. 

The  ms.  has  regularly  //  in  this  position.  Only 
the  following  examples  of /occur:  luldo  1  1  2"  C-^' 
hclldo  95^,  -n  70^',  70"),  scattfrildi  8o'  ('^  -gilldr 
78i«),  j/^/A/f  24 '2,  359,  (j>^/A/.'  5  t.  f.  ^.  102  •\ 
j>t///^/  38»<),  landtialdc  93^^  (~  landtialldi  98 '\ 
112^),  vesoldum  38^  ( — .  rcsaUdcr  3  t.  -^  37'), 
dticldnmz   14'",  Jioldf  40"  (/^  4  t.  f.  ,^.   36'-). 

The  above  cases  of  single  /  are  due  to  the 
analogy  of  hi  which  does  not  regularly  ,  Ud 
except  in  hallda    107^   -^  lid  6  t. 

b)  before  /,  c.  g.   bdlti  87*,  fgllt   if. 

The  only  exceptions  are  gult  95'",  mnclti  3  t. 
t-  g-  13^  {"^  11  62  t.),  scalt  6  t.  (--•  .>7vr///  30  t.), 
skill  5  t.  e.g.  192,  rt-//  95 '»  f-^-  allt  m.  t.  //), 
Single  consonants  are  due ,  as  above ,  to  the 
analogy  of  Id. 

c)  The  above  cases  of  consonant  lengthening  are 
regular.  Cf.  Noreen,  !^  220,  3,  4.  El,  sliows  also 
the   following  cases   of  lengthening : 

a)  after  r\  arlla  28^^  (cf.  aria  zf,  II2'2),  fcrllig 
^2^^,  jarll  (a.  s.)  114^  (^^  iarls  65^,  -a  2  1^), 
jarlli  76 •%  jorllu>tit{in)  42!'  ('^.  /  36'6),  karlli 
88'^  z'rt/7A?  29»,  77',  cf.  Horn.  LI.,  p.  135. 
§  67,  a.   2. 

/!^)  between  vowels:  ///////  70",  mikillar  7**,  -/  7  t. 
-a  2},^^.  All  of  these  except  the  adverbs  may 
be   from   the   analogy  of  the   nominative. 

d)  /  is   lost   in    irkiugr  22"^,  44\  83'  '-^-  ttkliugr  83". 

39.  Germanic  // 

=   //:   forms  oi  fiiilr,  e.g.   448,   /i/A?  27'-,  36'*. 

40.  Germanic  ;// 

i)    — -   w  in    forms  oi  nianadr,  e.g.  38'.  forms  of //</rwr, 
e.g.  26''-^. 


28  Phonology. 

2)  /////   '    />/,  i\  ,(r.  lufndr,  96^,   forms  o{  stcfiin  4  t.  c.  g. 
78'7,  cf.  ^   26,  3. 

3)  Assimilations. 

a)  /«/  )  //,  in  forms  of  kapp,  k)  t.  c.  g.  82'',  91'^, 
(cf.  kapsamliga  44'''),  forms  i.A  stappa  108",  75'^, 
1099. 

b)  ;«/;  )  ^/^,  f.  ^.  khibhn  66^  66^,  67 1^  cf.  Noreen, 
Gr.,   i^  207,   a,   4. 

4)  Loss  of  ;//. 

a)  This  occurs  frequently  before  a  pronoun  com- 
mencing  with   V. 

The  following  cases  occur  in  El:  cro  (i^'  pi.), 
followed  by  vacr,  20'',  20^,  foUow-ed  by  zv'/,  342; 
hongu,  followed   by  vit,   77**. 

vit  (n.  pi.  du.)  115!'^  is  corrected  by  Ceder- 
schiold  (cf.  ref.  in  note,  p.  2)  to  luit.  If  that 
is  the  correct  reading,  we  have  here  an  illu- 
stration of  a  peculiar  assimilation,  occurring  only 
in  Norwegian  dialects,  of  initial  v  of  the  pronoun 
to  final  ;;/  of  the  preceding  verb.  The  double 
;//,  thus  arising,  is  reduced  to  single  in,  so  that 
the  verb  is  left  without  its  tinal  consonant,  as  in 
this   case,  skoln. 

b)  Other  cases  of  the  loss  of  w  are:  ^  fifl  103'^, 
before  original  voiceless  f\  b)  when  originally 
final,  c.  g.  fra   (prep.)   m.  t.   c.  g.    i  lo^ 

^   41.      Germanic  tnm 

=    ///;//,   e.g.    (jri)H(tH)r    il^. 
§   42.      Germanic   11 

1)  =   n,  c.  g.   netiia   7^  ganga   5*. 

2)  )  nn: 

a)  before  d^  only  in  the  following  cases:  27  t. 
annsjior  e.  g.  45^^^,  bin(n)da  6\  lo^^  (^,  ^^^  m,  t,^^ 
ken{n)de  76I  (cf.  nd  8  t.),  lan{n)d  74!',  lan(n)z 
20^  (-^^  landz  3  t.),  r/n(ji)da  3  t.  e.  g.  2j*  (^  ud 
m.  t.),  sen(n)dofn  20^ ,  scn(n)di  78^  (■^-  nd  ra.  t.), 
forms  of  skunda  with  n{n)d  26^,  iS'',  71-  {^'  nd 
m.  t.j,   n{nj7tdan   ^,2'^^  (•^^  ud  16  t.),   van(n)dc   2^'^, 


Phoiiolopy.  29 

62"^,  -/  8,s'2  (^.  „^/  „i.  t.),  forirs  of  ho)u1  with 
//O/)^/  5  t.  ('^'  ml  ni.  t.),  torins  of  Itnttdr  with 
;/(;/;^/  4   t.   {^  nd  ni.   t.). 

Since  these  examples  of  und  arc  comparatively 
few,  while  Ud  is  the  rule,  we  may  conclude  that 
in  this  dialect  the  doubling  of  «,  which  is  just 
beginning  here,  took  place  later  than  that  of  /. 
In  Horn,  which,  as  we  have  seen,  shows  an  oltler 
stage  in  other  respects,  neither  /  nor  //  is  doubled 
regularly,    cf.   Horn.  LI.,   j).    134. 

b)  before  /. 

The  instances  of  doubling  are  still  fewer  in  this 
case  —  rcnntir  1 1",  vcn{it)tir  zg*  {-^^  ?•<•«/(</-) 
86',   vacntir  94'*)   are   the   only   examples. 

c)  between  vowels:  sin{n)a  (g.  pi.)  5  t.  c.  f^;.  \\\^ 
'^  sina  i^  baein{n)a  2^,  which  however  is  cor- 
rected  to  baeina  by  Cederschiold,   (ref.   above). 

d)  after  /-:  u)  before  a  vowel;  bani{)i)a  82"', 
giarn{n)a  (adv.)  8  t.  c.  .;^  841''^,  g/rn{n)u/fiz  34', 
-is  8 1*,  stiorn[n)ar  l  lO^-  (•^'  u  I05''*),  stiorn(ii)adu 
l^,  furn[n)i  -j-]^^  ['^>  titnii  ■]2^^,  104"),  /tir>t{/i)tir 
6g",  -0  -ji^.  (i)  final;  bor{n)n  3',  38^  bant{ii) 
62«,  /iiurn{ii)  86,  i5>5,  6i'*,  ,i(iani{n)  3  t.  f.  g. 
Il9,  nockont{n)  89',  1 10',  stiorn{ti)  i^,  82'*, 
turn{ti)  II5'3  (cf.  tiini  3  t.  c.  .if.  ■ji'^^),  rdarn{ii) 
8^,  632,   (?•)    1 5 15.     ,.)  before  ::;  ,irint{ii)zk  i)()K 

e)  when  final   after  a  vowel  as   follows: 

In  the  suffixed   article,   n.  s.   f.,  iii{ti)   59 '6,  a.  s. 
m.   n.,   66'',    102^,    i  10'';    pers.   pron.  min(u),  96'* 
(•^  mill  7  t.);   >ucstaii{ii)   a.   s.  m.  41I*;   snii/,ui{u\ 
4  t.  e.g.   7',   ('^^  saiiian   3   t.    16-). 
f)   in   other  positions: 

iafii{n)ingar  9**,  inaiiiiz   81''^^  maiiz  6 1  '^. 
3)  A  single    n    occurs    for    double   ;/   in    the    following 
forms   of  the  suffixed  article  : 

n.  s.  m.  'in  96'^  loS'*',  115',  d.  s.  f.  -///  1 13^,  a.  s.  m. 
-in  66'',  I02"'*,  lio*',  —  also  in  /////  n.  s.  ni.  24". 
Some  of  these  may  be  due  to  the  omission  of  tin- 
abbreviation   for  ;/. 


30  Phonology. 

4)  Assimilations. 

a)  n)m:—a)  before  />;  <•.  i(.  koiiipiiiit  412,    {^t,i)  22^^. 

ji)  after  m   in   sviiniii   t^^ ,   cf.  Noreeii,   Or., 
§    252.    2. 

b)  n  )  /  before  ii\t\ 

c.  g.  batt  98 '^  loi-*,  ncitt  5  t.  c.  g.  S'^,  w/V/  15  t. 
<■•  ^-  93*^  •5"«^''  241-*,  62'*,  105^  ,v///  10  t.  c.  g.  135, 
forms  of  vetr  6  t.  r.  g.  148  (/*/  /  in  cons,  group), 
////  4  t.  e.g.  8oS  ('^.  /  832,  io69),  forms  of 
;//<;//»//  3   t.   c.  g.   86J3   (of.   motli  7318). 

5)  «;/;-  >  d\ 

In  forms  of  annari;  c.  g.   adrir  65'*. 
In  forms  of  madr,  c.  g.  niadr  4^ 
6)  n  is  lost: 

a)  Before  s\  e.  g.   forms    of  ass   12^    forms    of  asf, 
^- S-   59">  mnsteri   1 7 '3^   forms   of //.yrt   39^2. 

b)  When  originally  final;    e.g.   a   (prep.)   m.  t. 
§  43.     Germanic  nn 

=  nn\  e.g.  rami  40'-,    forms  of  brciina ,  e.g.  80*. 
§   44.     Germanic   r 

1)  =    r;   e.g.  brand  6i3,  giarn{n)a   31 '5^  //rr  3'2, 
forms   of  r/'^r,   e.  g.   7^,   c?;-^  32'". 

2)  Initial   voiceless  r  is  written  hr  in  //r/V  76I',   other- 
wise  r,   ^.  ^.   rajisfan    i^, 

3)  =    rr  in   the   following  words : 

dvrrlega  28'',  (/)  35^  372,  77H  (,^  ;-  m.  t.  e.  g.  1311); 
The  rr  is  from  analogy  to  the  forms  of  the  simple 
adj.   where    rr  is   regular,   e.  g.   n.    s.   dyrr. 

optarr  396,  42^  ( f)  422,  65^  (~  of  tar  8'=^);  /r^- 
Dtarr  90^. 

In  these  adverbs  rr  is  transferred  analogically  from 
adverbs  like  naerr  where  rr  is  regular,  cf.  Noreen, 
Gr,,   i:^   221.   2.   a.   2. 

In  /idrr  44II,  5///(;rr  7314^  ;■;-  stands  after  the 
analogy  of  many  words  which  have  rr  regularly  in 
the  nominative. 

ferr  %0*  (i^t  sg.)  is  after  the  analogy  of  the 
3^**  sg.    (cf.  /W-   i^'  sg.    288,   7ii^').     In    Iemiu-)ra   2^, 


IMioiiology.  ,S  I 

where  one  /■  is  an  ubl)rL-viati()n,  it  may  l)c  due  to 
careless  writing. 

4)  )  /  by   dissimilation   in  luaiinara   2^. 

5)  is  lost  in  the   followinf<  cases: 

\u.  fosthrodr  16'  (cons,  group),  fyst  62^.  978^  fystunni 
1 1 '3  ((  ss  (  rs),  cf.  Noreen,  Gr.,  §  212.  3.,  idnle^ar 
2^,  fer  98 '3  (3.  s.)  transfer  from  l"  sg.  --^  fiir 
{3.   s.)    7    t. 

In   fvr  lata   71'"   the   syllal)le   ir  is   lost   (=  fyrir 
lata). 

v$   45.      Germanic   rr 

=   rr  in   kyrr  5-'',  Jiarri  28'\ 

!^   46.     Germanic  z  (urnord.   A') 

i)   =    r;    V.  g.  viacr  89*,    forms    of  liaivra  ^2^'^"^.,    dalr 

1 1 5^,  sucri  4 1 2. 
2)  Assimilations. 

a)  Urgerm.  c/       Hr  in   forms  of  /7/r,    i.  g.  14'-^,   cf. 
Noreen,  Gr.,  §   208.  a.   2. 

b)  Rd  )  rtW;  fon{n)  87^,  forms  of  /Wrt',  <■.  ^^.   29', 

c)  rR    ^   ;-/-;  e.g.  annarr  20',  /^tr/-  2'^,  fyrr  21'". 

d)  ///A'  ;  mm  )  ;//  (with  weak  accent): 

fram(m)   8  t.  <•.  ,^.  16^  '^^  fram  4   t.  e.g.    10 1''', 
fra(m)mi  342. 

e)  IR  )  //;  <-.  g.  fitill  ii5\  Jioll  922,  forms  of  z;?/// 
9   t.  i\  g.    15^,  (-^^  iarl  92'^),  //V///  648. 

f)   >iR  )  iiii;   in   w<v/;/   m.   t.  i.  g.   i\d^,  fallinii  97-. 
g)   sR  ')  -v.v;   <•.  _£f.  ass  12^,    13^,   ///.v.v   778,  -laiiss    7    t, 
'•  .§■•   39^  (^f-  -/'^"-*>'  5')- 
v^   47.     Germanic  s 

1)  =   s,   e.g.  satigii    I ',  /ov7   72,  <'//,\77r  61",  ^/'rt'j-  32''. 

2)  )  .y-v: 

limrss  I7i*,  /z//<'.s\v  31-*,  Iiutssn  3  t.  l  10'*  (cf.  /-j.y 
5  t.  c.  g.  1  2  '•').  Possibly  some  of  these  are  due  to 
dittography,   (Horn.   LI.,   p.    135). 

3)  is  lost : 

bernkn  82 »»  (cf.  sk  98"),  /ia7'irk  ladk  86-»  (cf.  sc  i^, 
sk  22*),  laetk  8ifi  (cf.  lezk  82>). 


3-J  Plionology. 

,^  48.     Germanic  ss 

=r  ss:  gass/   2;^*,  hnossiim  43"*. 
§   49.      Germanic  / 

1)  =^  i  (occurs  only  when  medial  after  a  short  syllable), 
e.  g.   bidia  6  '''^. 

2)  Initial  /  occurs  in  the  adv.  ia  and  forms  of  jungfni, 
but  these  are  loan-words. 

This  is  written  j  twice  in  forms  oi  jjmgfru  102*, 
85^  (<^ap.)  elsewhere  /.  The  initial  consonant  which 
has  developed  in  ia  (  e  is  written  j  in  Jarll  41  ^ 
These  are  the  only  instances  of  the  occurrence  of 
j  in  the  ms. 

3)  is  lost  when  initial.  Examples  are  forms  of  nng, 
e.  g.    1 1  '3. 

j5   50.      Germanic  // 

i)   =   v\  a)  when  initial,  c.  g.   vita  24^. 

b)   when  medial,  c.  g.    rdvarn{n)    15'^. 
Both  71  and  e'  are  used  to  represent  Germanic  //. 
They  are  distributed  as   follows,  when  initial; 

«)  before  a  in  forms  of  napnhcst  Qi^',  93 '''^j  92^  ^^^ 
forms   of  rapu  m.   t. ; 

^)  before  e  in  ucstan  86*^  (^^  vcstan  74^),  jicria  (inf.) 
103^3  (cf,   vcria  8   t.),  skipncria  94*; 

y)  before  i  in  nid  (prep.)  18  t.  7iid  88'  (-^  evV/ m.  t.], 
7iidi  45''^  (cf.  vidr  8  t.),  uidrskipti  29^'  ('^^  vidscipte 
104-^),  nida  69^  (cf.  evV/cz  5^-^,  -um  73^-),  ;///A//  1091*', 
II27,  110I2,  nil  4  t.  6-.^.  loi',  niUt  84I3,  88i«,  -/ 
99^,  uilia  91^  (cf.  forms  oi  vilia  m.  t.),  nilldra  loi^ 
(cf.  forms  of  ^-///^r  4  t.),  nili  86-,  90'  (cf.  vilia  75^), 
forms  of  acinnigi  3  t.  ('^  z'  6  t.),  uinr  95 1-  (cf. 
forms  of  vinr  m.  t.),  nirduhgs  i'-,  nirdii/iga  19^ 
(cf.  forms  of  virdiiligr  m.  t.),  uirding7im  90^  (cf. 
forms  of  z)irding  m.  t.),  iiirkdmn  86**,  7^/j-^  77^  -?^ 
77'^,  92'*  (cf.  forms  of  ?7'5.y  5  t.),  7iif  (pron.)  qi^, 
115I"  (w.  ?)  (cf.  vit  9  t.),  ?/zy/  3'^  (cf.  forms  of  z'// 
71^,  77"^,  15^^  (vb.),  forms  of  hebiiti  19^,  25'',  /^'.y^z 
1031-^,   108*  (cf.  vissi  11013  and  forms  of  vita  m.  t.). 


Plionolcigy.  .^3 

(>)  before  ae  in  iKur  i^o'^  (•^.  .-(i-/ /   m.  t.). 

When    not    initial,   //   is   ri-.milar,    hut   7'  occurs   iti 
forms  oi  ho/r'n  i  i  t.  <..;'•.  hohoadc  2\^^  (cf.  hoini  ,^4.'"). 
-svacin{ii)    16"   (-^^   fonns    of   siiaiiiiH  t;   t.),    SWi 
41-   (cf.   i7/<?   in.   L),    lu^t'd /■//{>/)    15'''. 
j)   is   lost: 

a)  before   //   aiul   <>; 

L.  .if.  forms  of  iiiulia  4'',  forms  of  ord,  i .  ,;'.  ifx;'*, 
^/-//  238,  opt(n)  8612,  (/)  8512^  (_^.f.  -,  restored  in 
-vofnu  5»3,  -u(in)  73'2  his),  //,;/  gji. 

b)  before  /;   e.g.   and/if    i6'2,    ,(^l_ 

c)  when   final,  in  knc  642,   658. 

cl)  analogically  in  ktjia  832  (cf.  Norcen,  Cir,,  i;  244. 
a.   2). 

e)  in  other  cases  as  follows:  tmi  3'  (cf.  tua  6^,  13'*, 
III",  forms  of  vard{v)aeita  4  t.  <•.  g.  i  5'  -^^  z-  8  t., 
forms  of  jvArr/-  89,  632   (~  v    i5'5). 

v$   51.      iju      gg  in  binggnz  6 1 2. 

CHAPTER   V. 
l\>^KI<ri()N  OF  CONSONANTS. 
>5  52.     Insertion  of  /  occurs  as  follows: 

1 )  between  //  and  s ;  allz  5  t.  c.  g.  84^,  gullz  4  t. 
e.g.  62 11,  mikillz  8 1 13  (cf.  mikils  4  t.  f.  ^.  t,^^"^^, 
pellz  73 >3,  spen{n)zl  86l^  -//Vr/Zc  99^  <vr//c  ;»,  8i^ 
forms  of  acllztr  38^,   78»5. 

2)  between  ;/;/,'//  and  .v;  maniuiz  81 1  (cf.  -W(?//c6i*"), 
niinzta  38**. 

3)  in   the  gen.  sg.,  where  .>•  alone  is  regular,  as  follows: 

euskiz  8 1  •  (perhaps  dittography.  It  is  followed  by 
mannz),  lamfz  3  t.  e.g.  17'^,  Itittintz  20^,  />>■<> fast z 
2i^^,   vatz  616,  lutz  3  t.   (cf.   ts    104^). 

4)  in  the  interior  of  a  word;  in  forms  of  /'.?(/:/  with 
zl  3    t.   62  >S    io8»2,    iii'<    (cf.   si  5    t    e.g.   S2^). 

5)  before  j,  in  raeitzhi  2'^  (cf.  Tuieiziii  6**,  99'"),  ^/crt 
40*,   73"   (cf.   forms  with  zt  m.   t.). 

3 


34  Plionology. 

6)  111   superlatives,  where   /s  appears  instead   of  ,vA 

huitazta  y.^'"*,  kacraztti  8*,  sanrgazti  105^,  skiotazt 
13  t.  e.g.  lOo'"'  {r>^  sf  4  t.  e.g.  243),  soiinih-gazf 
84^ ^  vapnfimazti  108^. 

The  reason  for  z  in  the  sujjcrlative  is  not  clear. 
Cf.   Horn.   LI.,   p.   118,  Noreen,   Gr.,  ,§   247,   a.   4. 

7)  z  in  the   mcdio-passive. 

The  refi;ular  ending  for  the  reflexive  at  this  period 
is  z  for  all  forms.  The  endings  which  occur  in 
El.   are   as   follows: 

Infinitive,  .::  34  t.  -^-  tz  3  t.  in  hcriatz  36^,  komatz  37^, 
73^;  -sk  once,  in  koiiiask  96-;  -zk  twice  iwjirrazk  22^,  hicazk  bz^. 

i^'  sg.  pres.,  fJiz   1 1    t.  c.  g.   nandgtmiz  88^. 

2"'^  sg.  pres.,  c  2  t.  c.  g.  sigraz  82^  '■^  zt  once,  in  haetazt 
log",  zk  once,   in  sczk  61^. 

3'''^  sg.  pres.,  z  16  t.  c.  g.  nalgaz  35^  '^  sk  once,  in 
bcrsc  92'^. 

i^'  pi.  pr.,  iiiz  3  t.  e.  g.  skiliuj/iz   2^^. 

2^^  pi.  pr.,  231.   6'.  g.   bniz  85 13. 

3'''i  pi.  pr.,  silt.  c.  g.  kallaz  g''  '^^  zt  once  in  haettazt  722. 

Imp.  pr.,  s  7  t.  c.  g.   raez  37!^  ^-"^  ^/^  once  in  bersk  loo^^^ 

zk  once,  in   raczk  85'*. 

i^*  Sg.  pt.,  mz  5   t.  e.g.   diieldnmz    \i\''^. 

3'"'^  sg.  pt,  .s  61  t.  e.  g.  knaz  78^  <^^  zk  twice  in  letzk 
82'  (cf.  laetk  8i«  J  lost  I,  skaiizk  68  ^. 

3''^  pi.  pt,  .2  17  t.  e.  g.  bingguz  bi-  --^^  zt  twice,  sloguzt 
433,    j;////;/-/  68 >. 

ppl.,  271.  tekiz  43'*  '^  c/C'  3  t.  gini{ii)zk  99*,  ///^/7/c/('  I3^ 
vardzk  44 1^. 

From  the  above  list  of  forms  it  will  be  seen  that  tz  occurs 
twice;  zk  9  times;  sk  3  times;  —  the  two  latter  are  unusual  in 
Norwegian  mss.  —  :;/  4  times  and  is  followed  in  every  case 
by  /;  haeitazt  pn  109^1,  haettazt  paeir  72^,  sloguzt  pegar  433, 
villtiizt  paeir  68'. 

§  53.  Insertion  of  /  —  from  cases  where  /  originally 
preceded.  ///  (pers.  pron.)  42^,  73^,  per  (pi.)  m.  t.  e.  g.  68^\ 
Cf.  Noreen,   Gr.,   §   394,   a,   5. 


!• I'r.N  .^^-^ 

5$   54.     Insertion  of  r.    /1,17'irska   22^    cl".  //<?.-(<7).>r  laciks 
I**,  havcrk  lacik  Kb*. 

/•  is  added  in  licstr  35»'   (a.  s.),   or  it  might  rather  be 
regarded   as   the  nom.   case   used   for  the  ace. 
J<    55.     Insertion   of  i.     These   cases    have    been   treated 
under  palatal    ii  and   k. 

Proper  Names. 
Since  the  Norwegian  and  French  versions  vary  considerably 
in  respect  to  the  proper  names,  it  is,  in  most  cases,  impossible 
to  decide  what  name  stood  in  the  original.  This  is  especially 
true  in  the  case  of  the  numerous  names  inserted  in  the  Nor- 
wegian version,  which  the  French  text  does  not  show  at  all. 
Of  the  names  occurring  several  times,  some  of  the  more  impor- 
tant variations  in  writing  are   as   follows: 

Aemers  158  =  Aimar  773,  Agamorc  77'-  =  Agamcrs  15 '3, 
-mrs  158,  Aentalld  i8'0  =  Arnalld  24^^  3912,  Bertram  2i>^ 
(/«)  206,  24I*  ^  Birtramn  i8'->,  ^2^,  -fn  39^,  another  instance 
of  the  confusion  of  mn\fn  in  this  dialect,  cf.  p.  18.  Kaifas 
8  t.  e.  g.  80"  =  Kaifass  8o'3,  Karlta  magttits  48  shows  // 
.after  r  (cf.  p.  27).  Cursant  21  >  =  Knrsot  25^  (C)  26>.  Dionisij, 
[Denis),  2-\  173,  Egidij  {Gille),  5  t.  e.g.  \2^'\  livlanj  :^^''  are 
the  only  examples  of  -ij  for  the  Latin   genitive. 

In  Elena  iOi«  initial  H  is  dropped,  also  in  Eriiiu  68'- 
=  Hertori  65 '3,  -tur  6612.  The  name  Loejs  [Luthvig)  found 
in  the  Fr.  ms.  occurs  in  two  cases :  Laeyuisi  4",  Loevisi  1 7  '2. 
ye{s2i)s  Chr{istu)s  3ii«  bis,  (of.  Je{sti)s  Kristr  7i>)  is  one  of 
the  three  instances  of  Ch  in  the  ms.  The  others  are :  Malelia- 
briez  20I2,  and  Chiatres  58.  Josi  \2  t.  e.g.  20 >  ^  'Jose  41^ 
i02>-  and  Jasi  42^,  Josiar  3 1 '«*.  Jiiliin  occurs  ra.  t.  f.  ^.  78' 
where  the  Fr.  has  Jubien.  The  name  written  Mahomet  in  the 
Fr.  shows  great  variation  in  the  guttural :  Malntn  25'0,  Magnn 
7  t.  (acct.  nn  8912),  Maghun  26  t.  (-««  59»').  ^lahgnn  27^  also 
Maumet  20*,  99 1«.  .V<zA///v  4  t.  e.  g.  lo^  =  Maialries  27^ 
-rfr  30^^  -ren  a.  s.  298,  31I".  These  names  are  confused  in 
the  Fr.  also.  Malkabres  varies  in  the  ending:  -bres  I9»,  69 >2, 
-brez  7  t.  e.g.  20',  (cf.  Malehabnez  20>'-),  -bre  8  t.  e.g.  43»» 
(cf.  /f  iO2»0),  Malscabre  114=',".  ''^'s/^/f  3  ^  f^^''^''  »"  the  Fr. 
/'rtr/.v    1018    ,,ci:urs    with    accent    Peiris    \0\^ ,    Koiieant    21^    — 

3* 


^6  Plionology. 

/ui(/i(7//  2  2^,  2j^,  Rtnftidii  2^^,  2()K  RosaiiiHitdtx  has  i;»mi.  in 
-ar  c.  ii(.  102'*,  ace.  in  -am  c.  (^.  72^.  Tiatirs  4  t.  t.  .jf.  26'^  = 
7'riatirs  28*".  Tlie  forms  of  I'iiiaiiir  arc  rej<ular  c.  _^.  21'''. 
Tlic  initial  is  written  U  38^,  31^2^  Alexandria  5  t.  c.  i(.  42''  = 
-</;r  41^,  cf.  Arabia  hcstr  67'^,  109^',  -ic  171"*.  Aragnnt  3  t. 
<-.  .^.  34"^  =  Aragnn  3  t.  f.  ^.  ()l\  The  following  variations 
in  the  name  France:  Fraclande  yi',  {k)  96^;  Franz  30^  ;/(«)s 
5  t.  (■.  .i,'-.  38-'',  Fracka  k[onnn)gs  \^  cf.  Franka  76'^,  Frankis 
in  composition  with  forms  o^  i/iadr  ^  t.  f.,t;-.  27'2,  Oracngi  borg 
20^  :=   Orengi  borg  8  t.  f.  ^.   39'.      /^/-(^/a    10 1^  cf.   Trc;^    lOi^. 


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